فهرست:
فصل اول- انگیزه و هدف
1-1- انگیزه و هدف.............................................................................................................................................................. 2
2-1- فصل بندی فصول مختلف پایان نامه ................................................................................................................... 2
3-1- تصاویر دیوارهای برشی بر اثر زلزله کشور ترکیه ............................................................................................. 4
فصل دوم- بررسی کلی
1-2- دیوارهای سازه ای...................................................................................................................................................... 8
1-1-2- تعاریف..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2-1-2- انواع دیوارهای سازه ای...................................................................................................................................... 8
3-1-2-بارها............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
4-1-2- حالت های شکست و گسیختگی.................................................................................................................. 10
2-2- بررسی آزمایشی...................................................................................................................................................... 12
3-2- نوع بارگذاری............................................................................................................................................................ 12
4-2- ساختار آزمایشی اندازه نمونه ها......................................................................................................................... 14
5-2- بررسی تحلیلی......................................................................................................................................................... 16
6-2- طراحی....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
7-2- تکنیک های قدیمی نوسازی و مقاوم سازی.................................................................................................... 17
فصل سوم- کلیات
3-1- کلیات......................................................................................................................................................................... 21
1-1-3- نیروی زلزله ....................................................................................................................................................... 21
2-1-3- تغییر کاربردی سازه ........................................................................................................................................ 21
3-1-3- عدم رعایت ضوابط اجرایی ........................................................................................................................... 21
1-3-1-3- تقویت پل ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
2-3-1-3- تغییرات آئین نامه های بارگذاری و ضرایب آنها ............................................................................... 22
3-3-1-3- خوردگی ....................................................................................................................................................... 22
2-3- آشنای با FRP........................................................................................................................................................ 23
1-2-3- ضرورت مقاوم سازی........................................................................................................................................ 23
2-2-3- عوامل مؤثردرانتخاب روش مقاوم سازی...................................................................................................... 23
3-2-3- برخی ازروشهای مقاوم سازی سازه های بتن آرمه ................................................................................. 23
4-2-3 -در مقاوم سازی بایستی پارامترهای پاسخ طراحی را کنترل نماییم ................................................... 24
3-3- بهسازی...................................................................................................................................................................... 24
4-3- تعمیر.......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
5-3-FRP چیست........................................................................................................................................................... 25
1-5-3- مزایای استفاده از FRP در سازه های بتن آرمه ................................................................................... 25
2-5-3- برخی از موارد کاربرد FRP .......................................................................................................................... 26
6-3- کامپوزیتها................................................................................................................................................................. 26
1-6-3- انواع فیبرها ....................................................................................................................................................... 26
2-6-3 -پلیمر ................................................................................................................................................................... 32
3-6-3 - رزین‌ها .............................................................................................................................................................. 32
7-3 اشکال مختلف FRP در صنعت ساختمان ....................................................................................................... 33
8-3- مزایای استفاده از میلگرد FRP ....................................................................................................................... 33
9-3 - روشهای تولید FRP ........................................................................................................................................... 35
10-3- مراحل نصب ........................................................................................................................................................ 36
11-3 - مقاوم سازی اعضای باربرسازه ای باورقه FRP ....................................................................................... 39
12-3 - مروری بر تحقیقات گذشته............................................................................................................................. 44
13-3 - اهمیت بررسی................................................................................................................................................... 45
فصل چهارم- برنامه آزمایشی
1-4 –کلیات........................................................................................................................................................................ 48
2-4- نمونه ها..................................................................................................................................................................... 48
1-2-4- مدلسازی وطراحی نمونه ها............................................................................................................................ 48
1-1-2-4- مدل دیوار...................................................................................................................................................... 48
2-1-2-4- نیازها و شرائط متشابه .............................................................................................................................. 49
3-1-2-4- مدلسازی مفصل پلاستیکی...................................................................................................................... 50
4-1-2-4- طراحی نمونه ها........................................................................................................................................... 50
2-2-4- قالب های وآرماتور بندی نمونه ها.............................................................................................................. 51
3-2-4- خصوصیات مواد................................................................................................................................................. 53
1-3-2-4- بتن.................................................................................................................................................................. 53
2-3-2-4- آرماتور فولادی............................................................................................................................................. 54
3-3-2-4- FRP............................................................................................................................................................... 55
3-4- بارگذاری و ساختار آزمایش................................................................................................................................. 59
1-3-4- تنظیم و ساختار آزمایش................................................................................................................................ 59
2-3-4- بارگذاری.............................................................................................................................................................. 60
1-2-3-4- توالی بارگذاری............................................................................................................................................. 60
4-4- استفاده از ابزار و مجهز کردن............................................................................................................................. 61
1-4-4- کرنش های فولادی........................................................................................................................................... 61
2-4-4- کرنش های FRP.............................................................................................................................................. 62
3-4-4- جابجائی ها.......................................................................................................................................................... 63
5-4- طرح های مقاوم سازی.......................................................................................................................................... 64
1-5-4- مقاوم سازی برش.............................................................................................................................................. 65
2-5-4- افزایش شکل پذیری........................................................................................................................................ 66
3-5-4- طرح مقاوم سازی دیوار RW1 ...................................................................................................................... 67
4-5-4- طرح مقاوم سازی دیوار RW2....................................................................................................................... 69
فصل پنجم- نتایج آزمایش
1- 5- دیوار کنترل CW................................................................................................................................................. 71
1-1-5- پیشرفت آزمایش............................................................................................................................................... 71
2-1-5- جابجائی جانبی.................................................................................................................................................. 73
3-1-5- پیچش ها............................................................................................................................................................. 74
4-1-5- خمش ها............................................................................................................................................................. 75
5-1-5- تنش های برشی................................................................................................................................................ 77
6-1-5- کرنش ها.............................................................................................................................................................. 78
2-5- بهسازی و نوسازی دیوار RW1............................................................................................................................ 81
1-2-5- پشرفت آزمایش................................................................................................................................................. 81
2-2-5- جابجائی های جانبی......................................................................................................................................... 82
3-2-5- پیچش ها............................................................................................................................................................. 83
4-2-5- تنش های برشی................................................................................................................................................ 84
5-2-5- کرنش ها در میلگردهای ارماتور.................................................................................................................... 85
6-2-5- کرنش ها در FRP .......................................................................................................................................... 87
3-5- بهسازی و نوسازی دیوار RW2............................................................................................................................ 88
1-3-5- پیشرفت آزمایش............................................................................................................................................... 88
2-3-5- جابجائی های جانبی......................................................................................................................................... 89
3-3-5- پیچش ها............................................................................................................................................................. 90
4-3-5- تنش های برشی .............................................................................................................................................. 92
5-3-5- کرنش ها در آرماتور فولادی.......................................................................................................................... 94
6-3-5- کرنش ها در FRP............................................................................................................................................ 96
4-5- بحث و نتایج............................................................................................................................................................. 97
1-4-5- جابجائی جانبی (انحراف) و شکل پذیری................................................................................................... 97
2-4-5- پیچش ها............................................................................................................................................................. 98
3-4-5- تنش های برشی................................................................................................................................................ 99
4-4-5- پخش انرژی........................................................................................................................................................ 99
5-4-5- کرنش های فولادی........................................................................................................................................... 99
6-4-5- کرنش های FRP........................................................................................................................................... 100
7-4-5- محدوودیت (Confinement)....................................................................................................................... 100
8-4-5- خلاصه.............................................................................................................................................................. 101
فصل ششم- مدل اجزاء محدود
1-6- المان های انتخاب شده...................................................................................................................................... 103
1-1-6-المان بتن........................................................................................................................................................... 103
1-1-6- مد ل سازی ترک خوردگی......................................................................................................................... 105
2-1-1-6- مدلسازی خرد شدگی بتن.................................................................................................................... 109
3-1-1-6- معیار شکست............................................................................................................................................ 109
2-1-6- المان فولادی................................................................................................................................................... 114
3-1-6- المان FRP...................................................................................................................................................... 115
2-6- خصوصیات مواد................................................................................................................................................. 118
3-6- شرائط مرز ی و ژئومتری مدل........................................................................................................................ 118
4-6- نتایج آنالیز دیوار کنترل یا CW...................................................................................................................... 119
5-6: نتایج آنالیز دیوار RW1....................................................................................................................................... 122
6-6- نتایج آنالیز دیوار RW2...................................................................................................................................... 123
7-6- تفاسیر نتایج آنالیز FE...................................................................................................................................... 126
فصل هفتم- مدل تحلیلی
1-7-مدلسازی مواد یا مصالح....................................................................................................................................... 129
1-1-7-محدودیت بتن ................................................................................................................................................ 129
1-1-1-7- مدل های سنتی و قدیمی محدودیت................................................................................................. 129
2-1-1-7-نتایج آزمایشی بخش های مستطیل شکل محدود به FRP.......................................................... 131
3-1-1-7-مدل های منوط به بخش های بتنی وابسته به FRP..................................................................... 133
4-1-1-7-اجراء روشی مبتنی بر مدل Spoelstra & Monti............................................................................ 137
5-1-1-7-اجراء مدل VCCM................................................................................................................................... 141
6-1-1-7-مقایسه نتایج دو روش ها......................................................................................................................... 143
2-1-7-لغزش پیوند یا Bond slip .......................................................................................................................... 145
2-7-انتخاب های مدلسازی.......................................................................................................................................... 148
2-1-7-بارها..................................................................................................................................................................... 148
2-2-7-شرط مرزی....................................................................................................................................................... 148
3-7-نمونه های آزمایشی تصدیق شده..................................................................................................................... 150
فصل هشتم- خلاصه و نتایج
1-8- خلاصه.................................................................................................................................................................... 162
2-8- نتایج کلی.............................................................................................................................................................. 163
منابع.................................................................................................................................................................................... 166
منبع:
Abo – Shadi, A.N M.S., & Sanders, D.H. (2000), "Out of Plane Response of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Pier Walls", ACI Structural Journal, vol. 97, No. 6, pp. 803 – 813.
ACI Committee 440 (1996), "State of the Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Plastic Reinforcement for Concrete Structures', ACI 440R – 96, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 68 p.
ACI Committee 318 (1968), "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete", American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
ACI Committee 318 (1995), "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete", American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
ANSYS (1998), "ANSYS MANUAL Set", ANSYS Inc., South point, 275 Technology Drive. Canonsburg, PA 15317, USA.
Bachmann H. & Dazio A. (1997), " A Deformation – Based Seismic Design Procedure for Structural Wall Buildings', Proceedings of the International Workshop on Seismic Design Methodologies for the Next Generation of Codes, Bled, Slovenia, ed. by Fajfar P., Krawinkler H., pp. 159 – 170.
Bachmann H., Dazio A. & Lestsuzzi, p. (1998), " Development in Seismic Design of Buildings with RC Structural Walls'', IBK – Reprints, No. 0020, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland, 15 p.
Bachmann H. (1999), "Research at ETH on the Seismic behavior and the RC Structural Walls'', Second European Workshop on the Seismic Behavior of Asymmetric and Irregular Structures, Istanbul, p. 12.
Bentz, E.C. (2000), "Sectional Analysis of Reinforced Concrete", Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 184p.
Blaauwendraad, J. & Hoogenboom, P.C.J. (1996), "Stringer – Panel Model for Structural Concrete Design", ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 295 – 305.
Busiaa, S.N., Triantafillou, T.C., Fardis, M.N., Spathis, L, & O'Regan, B.A. (2004), "Fiber – Reinforced Polymer Retrofitting of rectangular Reinforced Concrete Columns with or without Corrosion" ACI Structural journal, Vol. 101, No.4, pp. 512 – 520.
Doostdar, H.M. (1994), "Behavior & Design of Earthquake Resistant Shear Walls", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Elnashai, T. (2004). "Seismic Rehabilitation of Concrete Frame beam – Column Joints", Ph.D. Thesis, department of Civil Engineering. McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Elnashai, A.S. & Pinho. R. (1997). "Repair & Strengthening of RC Walls Using Selective Techniques" Engineering Seismology & Earthquake Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Imperial College, London, ESEE Research Report No. 97-1.
Abo – Shadi, A.N M.S., & Sanders, D.H. (2000), "Out of Plane Response of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Pier Walls", ACI Structural Journal, vol. 97, No. 6, pp. 803 – 813.
ACI Committee 440 (1996), "State of the Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Plastic Reinforcement for Concrete Structures', ACI 440R – 96, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 68 p.
ACI Committee 318 (1968), "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete", American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
ACI Committee 318 (1995), "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete", American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
ANSYS (1998), "ANSYS MANUAL Set", ANSYS Inc., South point, 275 Technology Drive. Canonsburg, PA 15317, USA.
Bachmann H. & Dazio A. (1997), " A Deformation – Based Seismic Design Procedure for Structural Wall Buildings', Proceedings of the International Workshop on Seismic Design Methodologies for the Next Generation of Codes, Bled, Slovenia, ed. by Fajfar P., Krawinkler H., pp. 159 – 170.
Bachmann H., Dazio A. & Lestsuzzi, p. (1998), " Development in Seismic Design of Buildings with RC Structural Walls'', IBK – Reprints, No. 0020, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland, 15 p.
Bachmann H. (1999), "Research at ETH on the Seismic behavior and the RC Structural Walls'', Second European Workshop on the Seismic Behavior of Asymmetric and Irregular Structures, Istanbul, p. 12.
Bentz, E.C. (2000), "Sectional Analysis of Reinforced Concrete", Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 184 p.
Blaauwendraad, J. & Hoogenboom, P.C.J. (1996), "Stringer – Panel Model for Structural Concrete Design", ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 295 – 305.
Busiaa, S.N., Triantafillou, T.C., Fardis, M.N., Spathis, L, & O'Regan, B.A. (2004), "Fiber – Reinforced Polymer Retrofitting of rectangular Reinforced Concrete Columns with or without Corrosion" ACI Structural journal, Vol. 101, No.4, pp. 512 – 520.
Doostdar, H.M. (1994), "Behavior & Design of Earthquake Resistant Shear Walls", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Elnashai, T. (2004). "Seismic Rehabilitation of Concrete Frame beam – Column Joints", Ph.D. Thesis, department of Civil Engineering. McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Elnashai, A.S. & Pinho. R. (1997). "Repair & Strengthening of RC Walls Using Selective Techniques" Engineering Seismology & Earthquake Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Imperial College, London, ESEE Research Report No. 97-1.