پایان نامه مطالعه ی رفتار انتشار ملکولی و جذب عنصر سنگین کادمیم در خاک رسی منطقه ی دفن زباله ی ارومیه

فهرست:

 فصل اول : مقدمه و کلیات

1-1- مقدمه. 1

1-2- طرح مسئله. 2

1-3- هدف و راهکارها 3

1-4- موقعیت منطقه مورد مطالعه. 3

1-5- ساختار پایان­نامه. 5

فصل دوم : مفاهیم و بررسی منابع

2-1- مقدمه. 6

2-2- ساختار لندفیل.. 6

2-2-1- لایه­های مانع انتقال آلودگی 10

2-2-1-1- سیستم­های تک لاینری (SLS). 11

2-2-1-2- سیستم لاینرهای کامپوزیت (CLS). 11

2-2-1-3- سیستم­های لاینری دوتایی(DLS). 11

2-2-2- مواد درزگیر. 12

2-2-2-1- لاینرهای رسی متراکم (CCL). 12

2-2-2-2- لاینرهای معدنی متناوب (AML). 13

2-2-2-3- لاینرهای رسی-مصنوعی (GCL). 13

2-2-2-4- لاینرهای آسفالتی (AL). 13

2-3- شیرابه. 13

2-4- کانیهای رسی.. 17

2-1-1- کانی­شناسی از طریق روش XRD.. 18

2-4-1-1-  کائولینیت... 20

2-4-1-2- اسمکتیت... 21

2-4-1-3- ایلیت............................................................................................................ 22

2-4-1-4- کلریت........................................................................................................... 22

2-4-2- توانایی جایگزینی یونی.. 23

2-4-3- ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (CEC). 23

2-4-4- مکانیسم فعل و انفعالات.. 24

2-5- پدیده جذب در خاک... 26

2-5-1- هم­دمای جذب سطحی.. 28

2-5-2- مدل­های جذب سطحی مبتنی بر تعادل.. 30

2-5-2-1- معادله فروندلیچ.. 30

2-5-2-2- معادله لانگ­مویر. 31

2-5-3-  واجذب.. 32

2-5-4- مواد آلی.. 32

2-5-4-1- کانی لئوناردیت... 35

2-5-4-2- کاربردهای زیست­محیطی لئوناردیت... 36

2-6- رفتار فلزات در خاک... 36

2-7- شیمی محلول خاک... 37

2-8- خواص خاک مؤثر در جذب فلزات.. 40

2-8-1- اثر کاتیون­های رقیب... 41

2-8-2- اثر تشکیل کمپلکس.... 41

2-8-3- اثر pH................................................................................................................... 43

2-8-4- اثر پتانسیل ردوکس (اکسایش-کاهش) 44

2-9- اثرات زیست­محیطی آلودگی کادمیم بر موجودات زنده. 45

2-9-1- مکانیسم­های اثر. 46

2-9-1-1- مکانیسم اثر در گیاهان.. 46

2-9-1-2- مکانیسم اثر در جانوران.. 47

2-9-1-3-  مکانیسم اثر در انسان.. 48

2-10- رفتار کادمیم در خاک... 49

2-11- مکانیسم­های انتقال مایعات.. 49

2-11-1- جریان فرارفت       50

2-11-2- جریان انتشار. 51

 فصل سوم : مواد و روش­ها

3-1- مقدمه. 56

3-2- آزمایش­های شیمی خاک... 56

3-2-1- ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (CEC)(روش استات سدیم) 56

3-2-2- اندازه­گیری pH خاک (روش CaCl2) 57

3-2-3- مواد آلی (کربن آلی) 57

3-2-4- کربنات کلسیم معادل (آهک) (CCE). 57

3-3- آزمایشات مکانیک خاک... 58

3-3-1- آزمایش دانه­بندی.. 58

3-3-1-1- دانه­بندی با الک ( برای ذراتی با قطر بزرگتر از mm075/0) 58

3-3-1-2- هیدرومتری به روش بایوکاس (برای ذراتی با قطرکمتر از mm075/0) 59

3-3-1-3-  هیدرومتری به روش ASTM... 59

3-3-2- آزمایش حدود اتربرگ... 60

3-3-3- آزمایش چگالی ویژه. 63

3-3-4- آزمایش تراکم.. 63

3-4- آزمایش کانی­شناسی (XRD). 64

3-4-1- تیمارهای مقدماتی.. 64

3-4-1-1- حذف کربنات کلسیم (CaCO3). 64

3-4-1-2- حذف مواد آلی.. 65

3-4-1-3- حذف اکسیدهای آهن آزاد. 65

3-4-2- جداسازی بخش رس... 65

3-4-3- اشباع کمپلکس تبادلی.. 66

3-4-3-1- اشباع با منیزیم.. 66

3-4-3-2- تیمار با گلیسرول.. 66

3-4-3-3- اشباع با پتاسیم.. 66

3-4-4- تهیه اسلایدها 67

3-5- مشخصات لئوناردیت مصرفی.. 67

3-6- آزمایشات جذب.. 68

3-6-1-1- تهیه محلول کادمیم برای آزمایش جذب انتخاب نمونه مناسب... 68

3-6-1-2- تهیه محلول کادمیم برای آزمایش جذب تیمارهای مختلف لئوناردیت... 68

3-7- آزمایش انتشار مولکولی.. 69

3-7-1- تهیه ستون­های انتشار (مدل لاینری) 69

3-7-1-1- تهیه محلول کادمیم.. 69

3-7-1-2- آماده سازی خاک مورد استفاده در ستون انتشار. 70

3-7-1-3- اضافه کردن محلول آلاینده به ستون­ها 70

3-7-2- نحوه نمونه­برداری از محلول آلاینده. 70

3-7-3- نحوه خارج کردن ستون­ها از قالب و قطعه­بندی.. 71

3-7-4- دستگاه بادی استحصال آب منفذی از خاک... 71

3-7-5- معرفی نرم­افزار POLLUTE.V7. 75

3-7-6- معرفی نرم­افزار Sigma Plot.V12. 76

3-1- مدل­سازی انتقال کادمیم از طریق لندفیل به آبخوان زیرین.. 77

فصل چهارم : نتایج و بحث

4-1- مقدمه. 78

4-2-  انتخاب نمونه مناسب       78

4-2-1- خصوصیات خاک... 78

4-2-2- ویژگی­های جذبی کادمیم     81

4-3- کانی­شناسی.. 85

4-4- طبقه­بندی خاک مورد مطالعه در سیستم یونیفاید. 86

4-5- خصوصیات مکانیکی خاک مختلط با سطوح مختلف لئوناردیت... 87

4-6- برآورد ضرایب جذبی خاک در مقایسه با تیمارهای مختلف لئوناردیت... 90

4-6-1- محاسبه ضریب تفکیک­پذیری در شرایط غیر تراکمی.. 96

4-7- انتشار مولکولی.. 97

4-7-1- محاسبه ضریب تأخیری (R). 104

4-7-2- محاسبه ضریب تفکیک­پذیری در حالت متراکم.. 104

4-8- مدل­سازی تحرک کادمیم در لاینر. 105

فصل پنجم : نتیجه­گیری و پیشنهادات

5-1- نتیجه­گیری.. 109

5-2- پیشنهادات.. 111

منابع  ........... .. 112

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