فهرست:
فصل اول : مقدمه و کلیات
1-1- مقدمه. 1
1-2- طرح مسئله. 2
1-3- هدف و راهکارها 3
1-4- موقعیت منطقه مورد مطالعه. 3
1-5- ساختار پایاننامه. 5
فصل دوم : مفاهیم و بررسی منابع
2-1- مقدمه. 6
2-2- ساختار لندفیل.. 6
2-2-1- لایههای مانع انتقال آلودگی 10
2-2-1-1- سیستمهای تک لاینری (SLS). 11
2-2-1-2- سیستم لاینرهای کامپوزیت (CLS). 11
2-2-1-3- سیستمهای لاینری دوتایی(DLS). 11
2-2-2- مواد درزگیر. 12
2-2-2-1- لاینرهای رسی متراکم (CCL). 12
2-2-2-2- لاینرهای معدنی متناوب (AML). 13
2-2-2-3- لاینرهای رسی-مصنوعی (GCL). 13
2-2-2-4- لاینرهای آسفالتی (AL). 13
2-3- شیرابه. 13
2-4- کانیهای رسی.. 17
2-1-1- کانیشناسی از طریق روش XRD.. 18
2-4-1-1- کائولینیت... 20
2-4-1-2- اسمکتیت... 21
2-4-1-3- ایلیت............................................................................................................ 22
2-4-1-4- کلریت........................................................................................................... 22
2-4-2- توانایی جایگزینی یونی.. 23
2-4-3- ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (CEC). 23
2-4-4- مکانیسم فعل و انفعالات.. 24
2-5- پدیده جذب در خاک... 26
2-5-1- همدمای جذب سطحی.. 28
2-5-2- مدلهای جذب سطحی مبتنی بر تعادل.. 30
2-5-2-1- معادله فروندلیچ.. 30
2-5-2-2- معادله لانگمویر. 31
2-5-3- واجذب.. 32
2-5-4- مواد آلی.. 32
2-5-4-1- کانی لئوناردیت... 35
2-5-4-2- کاربردهای زیستمحیطی لئوناردیت... 36
2-6- رفتار فلزات در خاک... 36
2-7- شیمی محلول خاک... 37
2-8- خواص خاک مؤثر در جذب فلزات.. 40
2-8-1- اثر کاتیونهای رقیب... 41
2-8-2- اثر تشکیل کمپلکس.... 41
2-8-3- اثر pH................................................................................................................... 43
2-8-4- اثر پتانسیل ردوکس (اکسایش-کاهش) 44
2-9- اثرات زیستمحیطی آلودگی کادمیم بر موجودات زنده. 45
2-9-1- مکانیسمهای اثر. 46
2-9-1-1- مکانیسم اثر در گیاهان.. 46
2-9-1-2- مکانیسم اثر در جانوران.. 47
2-9-1-3- مکانیسم اثر در انسان.. 48
2-10- رفتار کادمیم در خاک... 49
2-11- مکانیسمهای انتقال مایعات.. 49
2-11-1- جریان فرارفت 50
2-11-2- جریان انتشار. 51
فصل سوم : مواد و روشها
3-1- مقدمه. 56
3-2- آزمایشهای شیمی خاک... 56
3-2-1- ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (CEC)(روش استات سدیم) 56
3-2-2- اندازهگیری pH خاک (روش CaCl2) 57
3-2-3- مواد آلی (کربن آلی) 57
3-2-4- کربنات کلسیم معادل (آهک) (CCE). 57
3-3- آزمایشات مکانیک خاک... 58
3-3-1- آزمایش دانهبندی.. 58
3-3-1-1- دانهبندی با الک ( برای ذراتی با قطر بزرگتر از mm075/0) 58
3-3-1-2- هیدرومتری به روش بایوکاس (برای ذراتی با قطرکمتر از mm075/0) 59
3-3-1-3- هیدرومتری به روش ASTM... 59
3-3-2- آزمایش حدود اتربرگ... 60
3-3-3- آزمایش چگالی ویژه. 63
3-3-4- آزمایش تراکم.. 63
3-4- آزمایش کانیشناسی (XRD). 64
3-4-1- تیمارهای مقدماتی.. 64
3-4-1-1- حذف کربنات کلسیم (CaCO3). 64
3-4-1-2- حذف مواد آلی.. 65
3-4-1-3- حذف اکسیدهای آهن آزاد. 65
3-4-2- جداسازی بخش رس... 65
3-4-3- اشباع کمپلکس تبادلی.. 66
3-4-3-1- اشباع با منیزیم.. 66
3-4-3-2- تیمار با گلیسرول.. 66
3-4-3-3- اشباع با پتاسیم.. 66
3-4-4- تهیه اسلایدها 67
3-5- مشخصات لئوناردیت مصرفی.. 67
3-6- آزمایشات جذب.. 68
3-6-1-1- تهیه محلول کادمیم برای آزمایش جذب انتخاب نمونه مناسب... 68
3-6-1-2- تهیه محلول کادمیم برای آزمایش جذب تیمارهای مختلف لئوناردیت... 68
3-7- آزمایش انتشار مولکولی.. 69
3-7-1- تهیه ستونهای انتشار (مدل لاینری) 69
3-7-1-1- تهیه محلول کادمیم.. 69
3-7-1-2- آماده سازی خاک مورد استفاده در ستون انتشار. 70
3-7-1-3- اضافه کردن محلول آلاینده به ستونها 70
3-7-2- نحوه نمونهبرداری از محلول آلاینده. 70
3-7-3- نحوه خارج کردن ستونها از قالب و قطعهبندی.. 71
3-7-4- دستگاه بادی استحصال آب منفذی از خاک... 71
3-7-5- معرفی نرمافزار POLLUTE.V7. 75
3-7-6- معرفی نرمافزار Sigma Plot.V12. 76
3-1- مدلسازی انتقال کادمیم از طریق لندفیل به آبخوان زیرین.. 77
فصل چهارم : نتایج و بحث
4-1- مقدمه. 78
4-2- انتخاب نمونه مناسب 78
4-2-1- خصوصیات خاک... 78
4-2-2- ویژگیهای جذبی کادمیم 81
4-3- کانیشناسی.. 85
4-4- طبقهبندی خاک مورد مطالعه در سیستم یونیفاید. 86
4-5- خصوصیات مکانیکی خاک مختلط با سطوح مختلف لئوناردیت... 87
4-6- برآورد ضرایب جذبی خاک در مقایسه با تیمارهای مختلف لئوناردیت... 90
4-6-1- محاسبه ضریب تفکیکپذیری در شرایط غیر تراکمی.. 96
4-7- انتشار مولکولی.. 97
4-7-1- محاسبه ضریب تأخیری (R). 104
4-7-2- محاسبه ضریب تفکیکپذیری در حالت متراکم.. 104
4-8- مدلسازی تحرک کادمیم در لاینر. 105
فصل پنجم : نتیجهگیری و پیشنهادات
5-1- نتیجهگیری.. 109
5-2- پیشنهادات.. 111
منابع ........... .. 112
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