پایان نامه سنتز پلیمر قالب مولکولی برای استخراج فاز جامد جیوه با استفاده از لیگاند دی اتیل دی تیوکاربامات

فهرست:

چکیده   .........................................................................................................................................................................  ل

فصل اول : گونه شناسی جیوه و کاربرد آن در صنعت و ایجاد بیماری............................................ 1

1-1-تعریف گونه شناسی................................................................................................................................................ 2

1-1-2- تعریف گونه شناسی عنصری و جز به جز کردن ................................................................................................. 3

1-2- مشکلاتی که بر سر راه گونه شناسی وجود دارد.................................................................................................... 4

1-3- استراتژی گونه شناسی............................................................................................................................................ 5

1-4- جیوه و اهمیت اندازه گیری آن ................................................................................................................................... 6

1-5- تاریخچه جیوه........................................................................................................................................................... 7

1-6- خواص جیوه............................................................................................................................................................... 7

1-6-1- خواص ترکیبات جیوه............................................................................................................................................. 8

1-7- گسترش کاربردهای جیوه......................................................................................................................................... 10

1-7-1- پراکندگی جیوه در محیط زیست......................................................................................................................... 10

1-8- بیماری های ناشی از قرار گیری در معرض جیوه........................................................................................................ 11

1-9- تاثیر جیوه بر سلامتی................................................................................................................................................ 12

1-10- جیوه در مواد غذایی................................................................................................................................................. 13

1-11- اثر جیوه بر حیوانات................................................................................................................................................. 14

1-12- اثرات فیزیولوژیکی جیوه.......................................................................................................................................... 15

1-13- موارد کاربرد صنعتی و غیر صنعتی جیوه............................................................................................................... 16

1-14- آماده سازی جیوه (مراحل گونه شناسی جیوه)...................................................................................................... 17

1-14-1- جدا سازی ترکیبات جیوه (مراجل گونه شناسی جیوه)..................................................................................... 17

1-14-1-1- نمونه های خاک و رسوب.................................................................................................................................. 18

1-14-1-2- نمونه های بیولوژیکی....................................................................................................................................... 19

1-15- مشکلات اصلی در گونه شناسی جیوه................................................................................................................. 19

1-16- مروری بر تحقیقات گذشته در زمینه گونه شناسی جیوه...................................................................................... 20

فصل دوم :ریز استخراج فاز جامد با استفاده از جاذب پلیمری قالب مولکولی   ............................ 22

مقدمه   ............................................................................................................................................................................. 23

2-1   استخراج .................................................................................................................................................................. 23  

2-1-1 خصوصیات حلال    ................................................................................................................................................. 24

2-2 استخراج با حلال    ..................................................................................................................................................... 25

2-3 استخراج با فاز جامد(SPE)    ................................................................................................................................... 25

2-4 ریز استخراج با فاز جامد(SPME)    ......................................................................................................................... 26

2-4-1 مزایای میکرو استخراج با فاز جامد ...................................................................................................................... 27  

2-4-2 پارامترهای بهینه سازی کردن میکرو استخراج با فاز جامد    .............................................................................. 28

2-4-3 عوامل موثر بر مقدار ماده ی جذب شده    ............................................................................................................. 29

2-4-4 انواع روش های نمونه برداری    ................................................................................................................................. 29

2-4-5 انتخاب روش استخراج    ........................................................................................................................................ 30

2-4-6 معایب میکرو استخراج با فاز جامد   ................................................................................................................... 30

2-4-7 انواع فایبرها    ........................................................................................................................................................ 30

2-4-8 انواع روش های هم زدن در میکرو استخراج با فاز جامد    ..................................................................................... 32

2-4-9 عوامل موثر بر میکرو استخراج با فاز جامد     ...................................................................................................... 33

2-4-10 کاربردهای میکرو استخراج با فاز جامد     .......................................................................................................... 33

2-5 سرنگ SPME      ..................................................................................................................................................... 34

2-6 مروری بر تحقیقات گذشته SPME     ...................................................................................................................... 35

2-7 انواع فازهای جامد    ................................................................................................................................................... 38

2-7-1 کربن(گرافیت)    ...................................................................................................................................................... 38

2-7-2 سیلیکاژل    ............................................................................................................................................................ 38

2-7-3 جاذب پلیمری    ....................................................................................................................................................... 39

2-8 آشنایی با پلیمر و پایمریزاسیون      ........................................................................................................................... 39

2-8-1 پلیمر چیست؟   ..................................................................................................................................................... 39

2-8-2 انواع پلیمر ساختاری    ........................................................................................................................................... 39

2-8-3 بسپارها از نظر اثر پذیری در برابر حرارت به دو دسته تقسیم می شوند   ............................................................ 40

2-8-4 انواع پلیمرها بر اساس منبع تهیه    ..................................................................................................................... 40

2-8-5 انواع روش های پلیمریزاسیون    ............................................................................................................................. 40

2-8-5-1 پلیمریزاسیون افزایشی   ................................................................................................................................... 40

2-8-5-2 پلیمریزاسیون تراکمی    .................................................................................................................................... 41

2-9 پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی    ........................................................................................................................................ 41

2-9-1 مزایای پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی ........................................................................................................................... 42

2-9-2 عوامل سازنده یک پلیمر قالب مولکولی    ........................................................................................................... 42

2-9-2-1 مونومر عاملی    ................................................................................................................................................. 44

2-9-2-2 مولکول هدف(قالب)    ........................................................................................................................................ 46

2-9-2-3 عامل اتصال عرضی     ........................................................................................................................................ 46

2-9-2-4 حلال     ................................................................................................................................................................ 47

2-9-2-5 آغازگر     ............................................................................................................................................................. 48

2-9-3 انواع پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی     .......................................................................................................................... 49

2-10 پلیمر قالب مولکولی کووالانسی    ......................................................................................................................... 50

2-10-1 مزایای پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی کووالانسی   .................................................................................................... 50

2-10-2 معایب  پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی کووالانسی    ................................................................................................. 50

2-11 پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی نیمه کووالانسی     ........................................................................................................ 51

2-12 پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی غیر کووالانسی      ......................................................................................................... 51

2-12-1 مراحل سنتز پلیمر قالب مولکولی      ................................................................................................................ 51

2-12-2 دلایلی که از روش غیر کووالانسی بیشتر استفاده می شود     .......................................................................... 51

2-13 روش های تهیه پلیمر قالب مولکولی    ................................................................................................................... 52

2-13-1 پلیمریزاسیون توده ای    ....................................................................................................................................... 52

2-13-2  روش پلیمریزاسیون رسوبی    ............................................................................................................................. 52

2-13-3 پلیمریزاسیون با تورم چند مرحله ای    ............................................................................................................... 53

2-13-4 پلیمریزاسیون سوسپانسیون    .......................................................................................................................... 53

2-13-5 روش پیوند زنی    ................................................................................................................................................... 53

2-14 کاربرد پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی    .......................................................................................................................... 53

2-14-1  کاربرد پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی برای ریز استخراج با فاز جامد (SPME)    .................................................... 54

2-15-1 کاربرد پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی در حسگرها    ................................................................................................. 54

2-15-2 کاربرد پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی در غشاء    ........................................................................................................ 54

2-15-3 کاربرد پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی در کاتالیزگرها    .............................................................................................. 55

2-15-4 کاربرد پلیمرهای قالب مولکولی در کروماتوگرافی    .......................................................................................... 55

فصل سوم : مطالعات تجربی      .............................................................................................. 57

3-1 مواد مصرفی    ........................................................................................................................................................... 58

3-2 دستگاه وری    ............................................................................................................................................................. 58

3-2-1 التراسونیک     ........................................................................................................................................................ 58

3-2-2 pH متر     .............................................................................................................................................................. 58

3-2-3 بن ماری     ............................................................................................................................................................... 58

3-2-4 کروماتوگرافی گازی    GC .................................................................................................................................. 58

3-2-5 آون     ....................................................................................................................................................................... 59

3-2-6 همزن مغناطیسی(هیتر)     ................................................................................................................................... 59

3-2-7 سرنگ SPME     .................................................................................................................................................. 59

3-2-8 دستگاه (IR)      .................................................................................................................................................... 60

3-3 تهیه پلیمر قالب مولکولی   55................................................................................................................................. 60

3-3-1 انتخاب عوامل    ...................................................................................................................................................... 60

3-3-1-1 آنالیت یا نمونه     ................................................................................................................................................. 60

3-3-1-2 مونومر عاملی مناسب     .................................................................................................................................. 60

3-3-1-3 عامل اتصال دهنده عرضی     ............................................................................................................................. 61

3-3-1-4 حلال مناسب    ................................................................................................................................................... 61

3-3-1-5 آغازگر      ............................................................................................................................................................ 62

3-3-2 روش سنتز پلیمر قالب مولکولی   ......................................................................................................................... 62

3-4 بهینه سازی شرایط جذب فتیل جیوه کلراید در روش ریز استخراج با پلیمر قالب مولکولی   ................................ 63

3-4-1 تعیین ماکزیمم طول موج جذب    ......................................................................................................................... 63

3-4-2 بررسی اثر نمک    ..................................................................................................................................................... 64

3-4-3 بررسی اثر زمان     ................................................................................................................................................... 64

3-4-4 تاثیر pH محلول بر جذب پلیمر      ........................................................................................................................ 65

3-4-5 شناسایی فنیل جیوه کلراید توسط دستگاه GC   ............................................................................................ 66

3-4-5-1 برنامه دمایی دستگاه GC برای فتالات ها     .................................................................................................... 66

فصل چهارم : بحث و نتیجه گیری     ....................................................................................... 67

4-1 سنتز پلیمر قالب مولکولی و پلیمر شاهد     ........................................................................................................... 68

4-1-1 پلیمریزاسیون پلیمر قالب مولکولی     ................................................................................................................. 68

4-1-2 مکانیسم سنتز پلیمر قالب مولکولی    .............................................................................................................. 70

4-1-3 طیف های FT-IR از پلیمر MIP و NIP   ........................................................................................................... 71

4-2 بهینه سازی شرایط جذب فنیل جیوه کلراید توسط پلیمر قالب مولکولی    ........................................................ 72

4-2-1 اثر نمک بر جذب فنیل جیوه کلراید.......................................................................................................................... 72

4-2-2 اثر زمان بر جذب فنیل جیوه کلراید......................................................................................................................... 73

4-2-3 اثر pH محلول بر جذب پلیمر   .............................................................................................................................. 74

4-2-4 شناسایی فنیل جیوه کلراید توسط دستگاه GC   ............................................................................................ 75

خلاصه   ............................................................................................................................................................................. 77

پیوست............................................................................................................................................................................... 78

پیوست 1؛ طیف FT-IR از NIP، در محدوده 400-4000 cm-1 به روش قرص KBr   ................................................ 78

پیوست 2؛ طیف FT-IR از MIP، در محدوده 400-4000 cm-1 به روش قرص KBr    .............................................. 79

پیوست 3؛ طیف GC برای محلول 10 PPM فنیل جیوه کلراید.................................................................................... 80

پیوست 4؛ طیف GC برای محلول 40 PPM فنیل جیوه کلراید.................................................................................... 81

پیوست 5؛ طیف GC برای محلول 100 PPM فنیل جیوه کلراید.................................................................................. 81

پیوست 6؛تصویر TEM از  NIP،......................................................................................................................................84

پیوست7؛تصویر TEMاز  MIP،....................................................................................................................................85

منابع .................................................................................................................................................................................. 86

چکیده انگلیسی .......................................................................................................................................................... 91

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