پایان نامه استخراج نقطه ی ابری اورانیم و اندازه گیری آن در نمونه های آبی به ویژه آب دریا

فهرست:

فصل 1: کلیات 1

1-1. بیان مسئله2

1-2. اورانیم و ترکیبات آن در چرخه­ی سوخت هسته­ای 3

1-2-1. مقدمه3

1-2-2. تاریخچه 4

1-2-3. خواص فیزیکی اورانیم5

1-2-4. خواص شیمیایی اورانیم 6

1-2-5. خواص هسته­ای اورانیم 6

1-2-6. تنوع ایزوتوپی اورانیم7

1-2-7. پراکندگی کانی اورانیم 7

1-2-7-1. غلظت اورانیم در هوا 8

1-2-7-2. مقدار اورانیم در مواد غذایی 8

1-2-8.. راه­های ورود اورانیم به محیط 9

1-2-9. سمیت اورانیم 9

1-2-10. اهمیت اورانیم 11

1-2-11. کاربردهای اورانیم11

1-2-12. روش تهیه­ی فلز اورانیم 12

1-2-12-1. اکسید اورانیم طبیعی 12

1-2-12-2. اورانیل نیترات 12

1-2-12-3. آمونیم اورانیل کربنات 13

1-2-12-4. اورانیم تری اکسید 13

1-2-12-5. اورانیم دی­اکسید 14

1-2-12-6. اورانیم تترا فلورید 14

1-2-12-7. اورانیم هگزا فلورید 15

فصل 2: استخراج نقطه­ی ابری و پیش­تغلیظ 17

2-1. مقدمه18

2-2. استخراج نقطه ابری 19

2-2-1. مروری بر تاریخچه­ی روش استخراج نقطه­ی ابری (CPE)20

2-2-2. تاریخچه­ی مطالعاتی وتحقیقاتی استخراج نقطه­ی ابری 21

2-2-3. سیستم­های میسلی (سورفکتانت­ها)26

2-2-4 برهم­کنش گونه­ها با ساختارهای میسلی 27

2-2-5. دسته بندی سورفکتانت­ها 28

2-2-5-1. سورفکتانت­های آنیونی 28

2-2-5-2. سورفکتانت­های کاتیونی 28

2-2-5-3. سورفکتانت­های آمفوتری (دو خصلتی) 28

2-2-5-4. سورفکتانت­های غیریونی 29

2-2-6. بررسی رفتار فازی سیستم­های سورفکتانتی 29

2-2-7. مراحل انجام روش استخراج نقطه­ی ابری 31

2-2-8. عوامل موثر بر کارآیی استخراج نقطه­ی ابری 33

2-2-9. مزایا و معایب استخراج نقطه ابری 34

2-2-10. کاربردهای روش استخراج نقطه­ی ابری 35

2-2-10-1. استخراج نقطه­ی ابری برای آنالیز ترکیبات آلی 36

2-2-10-2. نمونه­های محیطی 37

2-2-10-3. نمونه­های زیستی 37

2-2-10-4. گونه­های زیستی و بالینی 37

2-2-10-5. نمونه­های جامد 39

2-2-10-6. آنالیز یون­های معدنی 40

2-2-10-7. کاربرد صنعتی روش استخراج نقطه­ی ابری 41

فصل 3: روش کار 43

3- مواد و دستگاه­ها44

3-1. مواد 44

3-2. دستگاه­ها 44

3-3. روش کار44

3-3-1. بررسی فرآیند استخراج نقطه­ی ابری 44

3-3-2. کالیبراسیون سیستم تعیین غلظت نمونه­های آبی 45

3-3-3. بهینه سازی فرآیند 46

3-3-3-1. بررسی اثر نوع سورفکتانت بر راندمان استخراج اورانیم 46

3-3-3-2. بررسی اثر نوع لیگاند بر راندمان استخراج اورانیم 46

3-3-3-3. بررسی اثر pH بر راندمان استخراج اورانیم 46

3-3-3-4. بررسی اثر غلظت سورفکتانت بر راندمان استخراج اورانیم 47

3-3-3-5. بررسی اثر غلظت لیگاند بر میزان استخراج اورانیم 47

3-3-3-6. بررسی اثر دمای تعادل بر راندمان استخراج اورانیم 47

3-3-3-7. بررسی اثر زمان تعادل بر راندمان استخراج اورانیم 47

3-3-3-8. بررسی اثر زمان ماند در سانتریفوژ بر راندمان استخراج اورانیم 48

3-3-3-9. بررسی اثر غلظت محلول اورانیم بر میزان استخراج اورانیم 48

3-3-3-10. کارآیی تجزیه­ای 49

3-3-3-10-1. بازیابی (درصد جداسازی) 49

3-3-3-10-2.  فاکتور پیش­تغلیظ 49

3-3-3-10-3. حد تشخیص (LOD) و نحوه­ی محاسبه آن 50

فصل 4: بحث و نتیجه­گیری 52

4. نتایج 53

4-1. کالیبراسیون سیستم تعیین غلظت نمونه­های آبی 53

4-2. تاثیر نوع سورفکتانت بر راندمان استخراج اورانیم 53

4-3. تاثیر نوع لیگاند بر راندمان استخراج اورانیم 54

4-4. تأثیر pH بر راندمان استخراج اورانیم 55

4-5. تأثیر غلظت سورفکتانت بر راندمان استخراج اورانیم 56

4-6. تأثیر غلظت لیگاند بر میزان استخراج اورانیم 57

4-7. تاثیر دمای تعادل، زمان تعادل و زمان ماند در سانتریفوژ بر میزان استخراج اورانیم 58

4-7-1. پارامترهای ترمودینامیکی 60

4-8. تأثیر غلظت اولیه­ی اورانیم بر میزان استخراج آن 61

4-9. اثر یون­های مزاحم بر استخراج اورانیم 61

4-10. کارآیی تجزیه­ای 62

4-11. کاربرد 62

فصل 5: بحث و نتیجه­گیری 64

5-1. جمع­بندی 65

5-2. پیشنهادات66

فهرست منابع 68

چکیده انگلیسی76

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