پایان نامه تهیه نانو ذرات زئین و مطالعه کاربرد های تجزیه ای و زیست محیطی آن

فهرست:

-١- زئین.........................................................................................................................................................................1

١ -١-١-کاربردهای زئین.....................................................................................................................................................2

1-2-نانوذرات و روشهای سنتز نانو ذرات..........................................................................................................................3

1-2-1-نانوذرات...............................................................................................................................................................3

1-2-2-روشهای تولید نانوذرات........................................................................................................................................3

1-3-آب.............................................................................................................................................................................5

١-3-1-آلودگی آبها........................................................................................................................................................... 5

1-4-ویژگیهای فلوئورید.....................................................................................................................................................6

1-5-راههای ورود فلوئورید به آب....................................................................................................................................7

1-6-مشکلات ناشی از افزایش غلظت فلوئورید در آب....................................................................................................8

١-6-1-فلوروزیس ...........................................................................................................................................................8

1-7-راههای حذف فلوئورید از آب.................................................................................................................................9

1-8-روشهای تعیین فلوئورید.........................................................................................................................................10

١-8-1-تیتراسیون............................................................................................................................................................10

1-8-2-روش پتانسیومتری..............................................................................................................................................10

1-8-3-روش اسپکتروفتومتری .......................................................................................................................................11

1-9-جذب سطحی.........................................................................................................................................................12

صفحه.. عنوان

١-٩-١- جذب و شیمی مربوط به آن..............................................................................................................................12

1-٩-2-انواع جذب سطحی مواد بر روی جامدات..........................................................................................................12

1-٩-3-جذب فیزیکی.....................................................................................................................................................13

1-٩-4-جذب شیمیایی...................................................................................................................................................14

1-٩-5-مهم ترین عوامل موثر بر جذب سطحی..............................................................................................................15

1-9-5-1-طبیعت جاذب...............................................................................................................................................15

1-9-5-2-طبیعت ماده جذب شونده..............................................................................................................................15

1-9-5-3-شرایط  محلول..............................................................................................................................................15

1-٥-٩-4-دما................................................................................................................................................................16

١-١0-تعادل های جذب...............................................................................................................................................16

١-١٠-١-ایزوترمهای جذب سطحی...............................................................................................................................17

١-10-١-١-ایزوترم جذب سطحی لانگمویر..................................................................................................................17

-2-1-10-1ایزوترم جذب فرندلیچ....................................................................................................................................18

١١-١-کمومتریکس..................................................................................... ...................................................................19

١- ١2-طراحی آزمایش..................................................................................................................................................20

١-١٢-1-زمینه های کاربردی طراحی آزمایش.................................................................................................................20

١-13 -پنج اصل اساسی در طراحی آزمایش...................................................................................................................23

1-14-ماتریس.................................................................................................................................................................26

-15-1الکترودهای انتخابگر یون (ISE) .........................................................................................................................28

صفحه.. عنوان

-16-1مروری بر کارهای پیشین........................................................................................................................................29

1-16-1-جاذب­های بکار رفته برای حذف فلوئورید........................................................................................................29

2-16-1-الکترودهای انتخابگر یون فلوئورید گزارش شده در مراجع علمی......................................................................34

1-17-اهداف پایان نامه....................................................................................................................................................36

2-1-مواد شیمیایی مورد استفاده.......................................................................................................................................37

2-2- دستگاهها.................................................................................................................................................................38

2-٣-نرم افزارها................................................................................................................................................................38

2-4- روش کار................................................................................................................................................................38

2-٤-1-تهیه محلول­ها ......................................................................................................................................................38

٢-5- رسم نمودار کالیبراسیون..........................................................................................................................................40

2-6-روش کار مطالعه حذف فلوئورید از محیط آبی ......................................................................................................42

2-7-روش کاربردی رسم ایزوترم های جذب .................................................................................................................43

2-8- بررسی اثر آنیونهای دیگر در کارایی جذب.............................................................................................................43

 2-9-تهیهFT-IR وXRD و SEM .............................................................................................................................43

2-10-روش سنتز نانو ذرات زئین......................................................................................................................................43

2-11- روش تهیه الکترود انتخابی یون فلوئورید ............................................................................................................44

3-1-مطالعه حذف فلوئورید از آب با استفاده از جاذب(زئین اصلاح شده با سولفوریک اسید).......................................45

3-1-1-طراحی ترکیب مرکزی........................................................................................................................................45

3-1-2-تفسیر نمودارها..................................................................................................................................................49

صفحه.. عنوان

3-1-3-انتخاب شرایط بهینه.............................................................................................................................................52

3-1-4-تکرار آزمایش در شرایط بهینه و بررسی تکرار پذیری آزمایش ها........................................................................53

3-1-5-بررسی حذف فلوئورید از محلولهای آبی در حضور آنیونهای دیگر.....................................................................53

3-1-6-نتیجه حذف فلوئورید از نمونه آب تهیه شده از مناطق اطراف شهرستان ماکو......................................................54

3-1-7-نتایج حاصل از FT-IR .....................................................................................................................................55

3-1-8-نتایج حاصل از XRD .......................................................................................................................................57

3-1-9-نتایج حاصل از SEM........................................................................................................................................58

3-1-10-نتایج SEM  و XRD نانو ذرات زئین..............................................................................................................59

 3-2-ایزوترم های جذب................................................................................................................................................ 60

...............................................................................................61 3-3-طراحی الکترود خمیر کربن حساس به یون فلوئورید

3-3-1-انتخاب نسبت اجزاء سازنده الکترود.....................................................................................................................62

3-3-2-مطالعه اثرpH......................................................................................................................................................63

3-3-3-بررسی ویژگیهای الکترود پیشنهادی ....................................................................................................................64

3-3-4-مطالعه انتخابگری الکترود پیشنهادی.....................................................................................................................65

3-3-5-زمان پاسخ دهی و طول عمر الکترود....................................................................................................................66

3-3-6-کاربردهای تجزیه­ای.............................................................................................................................................66

3-٤- نتیجه گیری..............................................................................................................................................................67

منبع:

Q. Zhong , M. Jin , D. Xiao , H. Tian ,W. Zhang, Application of Supercritical Anti-Solvent Technologies for the Synthesis of Delivery Systems of Bioactive Food Components, Food Biophysics  (2008) 186–190.

H.M.  Lai, G.W. PADUA, Properties and Microstructure of Plasticized Zein Films Cereal Chem, 74(1997), 771–775.

K. Shi, J. L. Kokini, Q. Huang, Engineering zein Films with Controlled Surface Morphology and Hydrophilicity, J. Agric. Food Che 57 (2009) 2186–2192.

www.nano.gov (12/11/2011).

http://ultra-science.blogfa.com   (10/09/2011).

دانشور. نظام الدین، ١٣۷١ شیمی آب، انتشارات عمیدی.

Http://wikipedia.fluorine.com (10/12/2011).

L. Lv, X. Duana.,  Factors influencing the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution

            by calcined Mg–Al–CO3 layered double hydroxides, J. Hazard. Mater. B 133 (2006)

       119–128.

P.K. Rakshit., Studies on estimation of fluoride and defluoridation of drinking water, a projet report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Master of Engineering. (2004). Departement of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012(India).

F. Shen, X. Chen, P. Gao, G. Chen, Electrochemical removal of fluoride ions from industrial wastewater, Chem. Eng. Sci. 58 (2003) 987-993.

World Health Organization (WHO, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, World  health Organization, Geneva, 1(1993) 45–46.

S.P.  Kamble., G. Deshpande, P. P. Barve, S. Rayalu, N. K. Labhsetwar, A.Malyshew, B.D. Kulkarni.  Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution by alumina of alkoxide nature: Batch and continuous operation. Desalination264, (2010) 15-23.            

Y. Zhou, Yu. C.Y.Shan, Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution on La3+ impregnated crosslinked gelatin, Sep. Purif. Technol. 36 (2004) 89-94.

خادمی.حیدر، طالب. محمد، رابطه فلوئورزیس و پوسیدگی دندان با مقادیر متفاوت فلوئوراید آب آشامیدنی، پژوهش در علوم پزشکی سال پنجم، شماره ٣.

بصیر، لیلا و همکاران، بررسی مقایسه ای شیوع فلوئورزیس و DMFT و رابطه آنها با میزان فلوئوراید در سه منبع آب شرب در دانش آموزان ١٠تا ١٢ ساله استان خوزستان در سال ١٣٨١، مجله دانشکده پزشکی شهید بهشتی، دوره ٢٤، شماره ١، بهار ١٣٨٥، ١٤-٢٣.

F.W. Sollo Jr, , T.E. Larson, H.F. Mueller, Fluoride Removal from Potable Water Supplies, in, University of Illinois, 1978.

A. Tressaud, Advances in Fluorine Science, Fluorine and the Environment, Agrochemicals, Archaeology, Green Chemistry & Water, Edited by Alain Tressaud, Elsevier, 2, 2006.

S. Ghorai, K.K. Pant, Equilibrium, kinetics and breakthrough studies for  adsorption of fluoride on activated alumina, Sep. Purif. Technol. 42 (2005) 265-271.

C.J. Huang, J.C. Liu, Precipitate flotation of fluoride-containing wastewater from

      a semiconductor manufacturer, Water Res. 33 (1999) 3403-3412.

K.M. Popat, P.S. Anand, B.D. Dasare,  Selective removal of fluoride ions from water by the aluminum form of the aminomethylphosphonic acid-type ion exchanger, Reactive Polymers 23 (1994) 23-32.

F. Luo, K. Inoue, The removal of fluoride ion by using metal(III)-loaded  amberlite resins, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 22 (2004) 305-322.

I.B. Solangi, S. Memon, M.I. Bhanger, Removal of fluoride from aqueous environment by modified Amberlite resin, J. Hazard. Mater. 171 (2009) 815-819.

S. Meenakshi, N. Viswanathan,  Identification of selective ion-exchange resin for fluoride sorption, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 308 (2007) 438-450.

N. Viswanathan, S. Meenakshi, Role of metal ion incorporation in ion exchange resin on the selectivity of fluoride, J. Hazard. Mater. 162 (2009) 920-930.

 R. Simons, Trace element removal from ash dam waters by nanofiltration and diffusion dialysis, Desalination 89 (1993) 325-341.

 P. Sehn, Fluoride removal with extra low energy reverse osmosis membranes: three years of large scale field experience in Finland, Desalination 223 (2008) 73- 84.

S.K. Adhikary, U.K. Tipnis, W.P. Harkare, K.P Govindan, Defluoridation during desalination of brackish water by electrodialysis, Desalination 71 (1989) 301-312.

S. Ayoob, A. K.  Gupta, V. T.  Bhat, A conceptual overview on sustainable technologies for defluoridation of drinking water and removal mechanisms, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2008) 401-470.

WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality World Health Organization, Geneva, 3 (2004) 375-378.

Meenakshi, R.C. Maheshwari, Fluoride in drinking water and its removal, J. Hazard. Mater. 137 (2006) 456-463.

J.S. Jacobson, L.H.  Weinstein, Sampling and analysis of fluoride: Methods for ambient air, plant and animal tissues, water, soil and foods. J. Occ. Med. 19 (1977) 79 – 87.

گلابی. سید مهدی،١٣٨٨ مقدمه ای بر الکتروشیمی تجزیه ،انتشارات ستوده،تبریز،١۶٤-١۶٣ .

 chemcenter blogsky.com(11/11/2011)

http://treatmentprocesses.blogfa.com.(11/11/2011)

حسن پور. مسعود، خدادادی. قاسم، ١٣۷٠.شیمی فیزیک، جلد دوم، مرکز نشر دانشگاهی تهران٣٨٨-٣٨۶ .

D. Feng, C. Aldrich, Adsorption of heavy metals by biomatrerials derived from the marine alga eckolina maxima, Hydrometalurgy, 73 (2003(1-10.

S.F.  Montanher, E. A. Oliverira, M. C.  Rollenberg,  J.Hazard. Mater. B 117 (2005)207-211.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption) 11/11/2011)

W.J. Weber, physicochemical processes for water quality control, USA, John, Wiley 199-236.

 I. Langmuir, The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. Part i. solids Journal of the American Chemical Society 38 (1916) 2221–2295. 

Adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces: the exponential equation for the overall adsorption isotherm M Jaroniec - Surface Science, 1975 Elsevier Binary Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for ideal adsorbed solutions MD LeVan… - The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1981 - ACS Publications.

Anal chem., 41(1969)690-695.

Hand book of chemometrics and qualimetrics part A. 1997-1998.

M. Hoy, R. Mozuraityte, V.  Segtnan, I. Storro, Bjorn Helge Mevik, Turid Rustad and Tormod nᴂs. 2007, The use of experimental design methodology for investigating a lipid oxidation rate assary . Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems.

Website: www.statease.com (10/11/2011)

T. Lundstedt, E. Seifert, L. Abramo, B. Thelin, A. Nystrom, , J. Pettersen, , R. Bergman,  Experimental design and optimization, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 42 (1998) 3–40.

Richard. G. Brereton, Chemometrics: Data Analysis for the Laboratory and Chemical Plant, 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.    

گلابی، سید مهدی. آمار و کمومتریکس برای شیمی تجزیه ،انتشارات دانشگاه تبریز،١٣٨٣.

G.Somer, S.Sezer, M. Dogan, S. Kalaycı, O. Sendil.  Preparation and properties of a new solid state borate ion selective electrode and its application. Talanta. 85(2011) 1461-1465.  

K.M.  O’ Connor, M. Cherry, G. Svehla,  Harris, S.J., M.A. McKrevey, ymmetrical, unsymmetrical and bridged calyxarene derivatives as neutral carrier ionophores in poly(vinyl chloride) membrane sodium selective electrodes, Talanta 41 (1994) 1207–1217.

Y-H. Li, S. Wang, A .Cao, (2001).Adsorption of fluoride from water by amorphous alumina supported on carbon nanotubes. Chemical physics Letters 350 (2001) 412-416.

L. Lv, H. J. Wei, Min, D.G. Evans, X. Duan, Factors influencing the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by calcined Mg–Al–CO3 layered double hydroxides, Journal of Hazar.Mater. B133 (2006) 119–128. 

   Z. Yapping, Li, X. L. Lu, F. Chen,  Fluoride removal by Fe(III)-loaded ligand exchange cotton cellulose adsorbent from drinking water, Carbohydrate Polymers 72 (2008) 144–150

   X. Zhou, J. Wang, Removal of fluoride from aqueous media by Fe3 O4@ Al(OH)3 magneticnanoparticles, J. Hazard. Mater.173 (2010) 102-109.

  صمدی، محمد تقی.، خدابنده لو، زهره.، خدابخش، فریبا.، کاشی تراش، زهرا١٣٨٨. بررسی کاربرد زغال استخوان درحذف فلوئوراز منابع آب آشامیدنی، دوازدهمین همایش ملی بهداشت محیط ایران، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی ، دانشکده بهداشت، آبان١٣٨٨.

M. Karthikeyan, K.K. Satheesh kumar, K.P.  Elango, Batch sorption studies on the removal of fluoride ions from water using eco-friendly conducting polymer/bio-polymer composites. Desalination267 (2011)49-56. 

Krishna.  Biswas, K. Gupta, A. Goswami, U. Chand Ghosh,  Fluoride removal efficiency from aqueous solution by synthetic iron (III) – aluminum (III) – chromium (III) ternary mixed oxide. Desalination 255 (2010) 44-51.

   V. Khatibikamal,  A. Torabian,  F. Janpoor, G. Hoshyaripour, Fluoride removal from industrial waste water using electrocoagulation and its adsorption kinetics. J.Hazard.Mater.179 (2010) 276-280.               

N. Chen, Zhang. Chuanping feng Miao Li, Dirui Zhu, Rongzhi Chen, S. Norio,  An excellent fluoride sorption behavior of ceramic adsorbent. J.Hazard. Mater. 183(2010) 460-465.   

M. Wei, Z. N. Y. Gang, Tian. Liyan, Wang. Ren,  Removal of fluoride ions from aqueous solution by the calcination product of Mg–Al–Fe hydrotalcite-like compound , Desalination 268 (2011) 20–26.        

H. Hyrokazu, C.C. Huang, Buffer composition suitable for determining very low Fluoride concentrations using a Fluoride ion-selective electrode and its application to the continuous analysis of rain water, Analytica Chimica Acta, 338 (1997) 141-147.

L. Gorski, E.  Malinowska, Fluoride-selective sensors based on polyurethane membranes doped with Zr(IV)-porphyrins, Analytica Chimica Acta 540 (2005) 159–165.

M. Pietrzak,  M.E. Meyerhoff,  E. Malinowska,  Polymeric membrane electrodes with improved fluoride selectivity and lifetime based on Zr(IV)- and Al(III)-tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives, Analytica Chimica Acta, 596 (2007) 201-209.

 L. Gorski, M. Mroczkiewicza, , M. Pietrzaka, Complexes of tetra- tert-butyl-tetraazaporphine with Al(III) and Zr(IV) cations as fluoride selective ionophores, Analytica Chimica Acta 633 (2009) 181–187.

 L. Gorskia,  A. Matusevicha,  P. Parzuchowskib, I.  Luciukb, E.  Malinowskaa, Fluoride-selective polymeric membrane electrodes based on Zr(IV)- and Al(III)-salen ionophores of various structures,  Analytica Chimica Acta, 665(2010)  39-46.  

G. Somer, S. Kalaycı, I. Basak,  Preparation of a new solid state fluoride ion selective electrode and application, Talanta 80 (2010) 1129–1132.  

D.D. Stephan, J. Werner, R.P.  Yeater, Essential regression and experimental design for chemists and engineers.MS excel add in software package (1998-2001). 

M. Arami, N.Y. Limaee, N.M. Mahmoodi, N.S. Tabrizi, Removal of dyes from colored textile wastewater by orange peel adsorbent: equilibrium and kinetic studies, J. Colloid   Interface Sci. 288 (2005) 371–376.        

E. Bakker, Selectivity of Liquid Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes. Electroanalysis (1997) 7-12.                         

V.P. Gadzepko, G.D. Christian, Determination of selectivity Coefficient of Ion-Selective Electrodes by a Matched Potential Method. Anal Chim. Acta 164 (1984) 279-282.