پایان نامه بررسی شیوع ریفلاکس معده به مری و ریسک فاکتورهای موثر بر آن در شهر قم

فهرست:

فصل اول  :معرفی پژوهش............................................................................................................................................13

    بیان مسئله ...................................................................................................................................14

   اهداف پژوهش..............................................................................................................................16

   سوالات  و فرضیات پژوهش........................................................................................................17

محدودیت های پژوهش...................................................................................................................18

فصل دوم  :

دانستنی های موجود در پژوهش.......................................................................................................19

بخش اول : چارچوب پنداشتی

بیماری ریفلاکس معده به مری........................................................................................................20

تظاهرات بالینی ..............................................................................................................................22

فرآیند­های موثر در ایجاد بیماری....................................................................................................23

عوامل خطر بروز ریفلاکس............................................................................................................26

عوارض بیماری ریفلاکس...............................................................................................................27

تشخیص.........................................................................................................................................29

درمان............................................................................................................................................33

بخش دوم : مروری بر مطالعات انجام شده

مطالعات داخلی..............................................................................................................................38

مطالعات خارجی............................................................................................................................42

فصل سوم : مواد و روش کار...........................................................................................................45

فصل چهارم : نتایج...........................................................................................................................48

فصل پنجم : بحث.............................................................................................................................64

فصل ششم : نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادات...............................................................................................68

منابع.................................................................................................................................................70

چکیده انگلیسی ................................................................................................................................

منبع:

دکتر سوسن محمودی، دکتر اکرم پورشمس، دکتر محمدرضا اکبری، دکتر رضا ملکزاده. "فراوانینسبیسندرمرودهتحریک پذیروریفلاکسمعدهبهمریدر دانشجویانورودیسال 80 دانشگاهتهران" گوارش، 1382؛ سال هشتم: 62 – 159

2.دکترخدیجهحاتمی،دکتراکرمپورشمس،دکترکوروشعظیمی،دکترمهدیصرافی، مریممهربانی،دکترپردیسمستجابی،دکترمحمدرضااکبری. "سوء هاضمه،بیماریبرگشتمحتویاتمعدهبهمریوسندرم روده تحریک­پذیردراهداکنندگانخون"گوارش، 1382؛ سالهشتم: 46-138

3.آل طه نجمه,پورشمس اکرم,نورایی سیدمهدی,فاضل تبارملک شاه اکبر,ملک زاده رضا. ریفلاکس معده به مری در شهرستان گنبد کاووس: شیوع و عوامل خطر. مجله علمی سازمان نظام پزشکی جمهوری اسلامی ایران تابستان 1389; 28(2):176-183.

Dent J, El-Serag HB, Wallander AM, Johansson S. Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review" Gut 2005 May; 54 (5): 710-70.

Heading RC. “Prevalence of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the general population: Asystematic review”. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 231 (Suppl): 3-8.

SandlerRS, Everhart JE, Donowitz M, et al. “The burden of selected digestive disease in the United States”. Gastroenterology 122: 1500, 2002.

7.Richter JE: Peptic strictures of the esophagus. GastroenterolClin North Am 28:875, 1999.

8.Lieberman DA, Oeklke M, Helfand M, and the GORGE Consortium: Risk factors for Barrett's esophagus in community based practice. Am J Gastroenterol 92:1293, 1997.

9. Higuchi D, Sagawa C, Shab SH, et al: Etiology, treatment and outcome of esophageal ulcers: A 10 year experience in an urban emergency hospital. J GastrointestSurg 7:836, 2003.

10.El-Serag HB, Sonnenberg A: Association of esophagitis and esophageal strictures with diseases treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Gastroenterol 92:52, 1997.

11.andreoli and carpenter :cecil essentials of medicine,8 th ed,2010,chapter 36,page 515

12.Dent J; El-Serag HB; Wallander AM; Johansson S. "Epidemiology of gastro- oesophagealrefluxe disease: a systematic review" Gut 2005 May; 54 (5): 710 -70.

13.Stanghellini V: Three-month prevalence rates of gastrointestinal symptoms and the influence of demographic factors. Results from the Domestic/International Gastroenterology Surveillance Study (DIGEST). Scand J Gastroenterol 34(Suppl 231):20, 1994.

14.Spechler SJ: Epidemiology and natural history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Digestion 51(Suppl 1):24, 1992.

15.Johnson DA, Fennerty MB: Heartburn severity underestimates erosive esophagitis severity in elderly patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 126:660, 2004.

16.Collen MJ, Abdulian JD, Chen YK: Gastroesophageal disease in the elderly: More severe disease that requires aggressive therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 90:1053, 1995.

17.El-Serag HB, Petersen NJ, Carter J, Graham DY, Richardson P, Genta RM, Rabeneck L. "Gastroesophageal reflux among different racial groups in the United States". Gastroenterology. 2004 Jun; 126(7); 1692-9.

18.Goh KL, Chang CS, Fock KM, et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia. J GastroenterolHepatol 15:230, 2000.

19.Richter JE, Falk GW, Vaezi MF: Helicobacter pylori and gastroesophagealreflux disease: The bug may not be all bad. Am J Gastroenterol 93:1800, 1998.

20. Romero Y, Cameron AJ, Locke GR, et al: Familial aggregation of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 113:1149, 1997.

21.Orenstein R, Shalaby TM, Barmada M, Whitcomb DC: Genetics of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A review. J PediatrGastroenterolNutr 34:506, 2002.

22.Hu FZ, Preston RA, Post JC, et al: Mapping of a gene for severe pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease to chromosome 13q14. JAMA 284:325, 2000.

23.Carlsson R, Dent J, Bolling-Sternevold E, et al: The usefulness of a structured questionnaire in the assessment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 33:1023, 1998.

24.Klauser AG, Schindlebeck NE, Muller-Lissner SA: Symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Lancet 335:205, 1990.

25.Jacob P, Kahrilas PJ, Vanagunos A: Peristaltic dysfunction associated with non-obstructive dysphagia in reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci 35:939, 1990.

26.Brzana RJ, Koch KL: Gastroesophageal reflux disease presenting with intractable nausea. Ann Intern Med 126:704, 1997.

27.Johnson DA, Winters C, Spurling TJ, et al: Esophageal acid sensitivity in Barrett's esophagus. J ClinGastroenterol 9:23, 1987.

28.Extraesophageal presentations of gastroesophagea; reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 25(Suppl):51, 2000.

29.Lazarchik DA, Filler SJ: Dental erosion: Predominant oral lesion in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 95:533, 2000.

30. پ. فارسی، ا. پورشمس " تعیین فاکتورهای خطر بیماری ریفلاکس معده به مری در ساکنین شهرستان گنبد کاووس سال 1383. پایان نامه دکترای فوق تخصصی گوارش و کبد

31. Schofied PM, Bennett DH, Whorewell PJ, et al: Exertionalgastroesophageal reflux: A mechanism for symptoms in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms. BMJ 294:1459, 1987.

32. Richter JE: Approach to the patient with non-cardiac chest pain. In Yamada T (ed): Textbook of Gastroenterology, ed 2. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1995, p 648.

33. Irwin RS, Curley FJ, French CL: Difficult-to-control asthma: Contributing factors and outcome of a systematic protocol. Chest 103:1662, 1993.

34.Koufman JA: The otolaryngologic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A clinical investigation of 225 patients using ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring and an experimental investigation of the role of acid and pepsin in the development of laryngeal injury. Laryngoscope 88:339, 1978.

35. Wong RKH, Hanson DG, Waring PJ, Shaw G: ENT manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol 95:515, 2000.

36.Aletaha N, Pourshams A, Nouarie M, FazelTabar A “Gastroesophageal reflux disease in Iranian general population: the prevalence and risk factors.

37.Thor KB, Hill RD, Mercer DD, Kozarek RD: Reappraisal of the flap valve mechanism in the gastroesophageal junction: A study of a new valvuloplasty procedure in cadavers. ActaChirScand 153:25, 1987.

38. Dodds WJ, Dent J, Hogan W, Arndorfer R: Effect of atropine on esophageal motor function in humans. Am J Physiol 241:G290, 1981.

39. Dent J, Holloway RH, Toouli J, Dodds WJ: Mechanisms of lower esophageal sphincter incompetence in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. Gut 29:1020, 1988.

40.Herwaarden MV, Samson M, Smout AJP: Excess gastroesophageal reflux in patients with hiatus hernia is caused by mechanisms other than transient LES relaxation. Gastroenterology 119:1439, 2000.

41. Sontag SJ, Schnell TG, Miller TQ et al: The importance of hiatal hernia in reflux esophagitis compared with lower esophageal sphincter pressure or smoking. J ClinGastroenterol 13:628, 1991.

42.Mittal RK, Lange RC, McCallum RW: Identification and mechanism of delayed esophageal acid clearance in subjects with hiatus hernia. Gastroenterology 92: 130; 1987.

43.Kahrilas PJ, Lin S, Chen J, Manka M: The effect of hiatus hernia on gastro-esophageal junction pressure. Gut 44:476, 1999.

44.Helm JF, Dodds WJ, Pek LR, et al: Effect of esophageal emptying and saliva on clearance of acid from the esophagus. N Engl J Med 310:284, 1984.

45.Helm JF, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, et al: Acid neutralizing capacity of human saliva. Gastroenterology 83:69, 1987.

46.Korstein MA, Rosman AS, Fishbein S, et al: Chronic xerostomia increases esophageal acid exposure and is associated with esophageal injury. Am J Med 90:701, 1991.

47.Kahrilas PJ, Gupta RR: The effect of cigarette smoking on salivation and esophageal acid clearance. J Lab Clin Med 114:431, 1989.

48.McCallum RW, Berkowitz DM, Lerner E: Gastric emptying in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology 80:285, 1981.

49. Hirschowita BI: A critical analysis, with appropriate controls of gastric acid and pepsin secretion in clinical esophagitis. Gastroenterology 101:1149, 1991.

50.Gillen P, Keeling P, Byrne PJ. Hennessy TPJ: Barrett's esophagus: pH profile. Br J Surg 74:774, 1987.

51.Richter JE: Gastroesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North AM 32:235, 2003.

52.Zamost BJ, Hirschberg J, Ippoliti AF, et al: Esophagitis in scleroderma: Prevalence and risk factors. Gastroenterology 92:421, 1987.

40.Miller LS, Vinayek R, Frucht H, et al: Reflux esophagitis in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastroenterology 98:341, 1990.

54.Vaezi MF, Richter JE: Current therapies for achalasia: Comparison and efficacy. J ClinGastroenterol 27:21, 1998.

55.M Nilsson, R Johnsen, W Ye, K Hveem and Leagergren. "Lifestyle related risk factors in the aetiology of gastro- oesophageal reflux". Gut 2004; 53; 1730 -1735.

56.I. Mohammed, P. Nightingale, N. J. Trudgill. "Risk factors for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms". Aliment PharmacolTher 2005; 21:821-827.

57.Avidan B, Sonnenberg A, Giblovich H, Sontag SJ. "Reflux symptoms are associated with psychiatric disease". Aliment PharmacolTher. 2001 Dec;15(12): 1907-12.

58.Lee YC, Wang HP, Chiu HM, Liao SC, Huang SP, Lai YP, Wu MS, Chen MF, Lin JT. "Comparative analysis between psychological and endoscopic profiles in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a prospective study based on screening endoscopy". J GastroenterolHepatol. 2006 May; 21(5): 798-804.

59.Bruc D. Naliboff, PHD and et.al. "The effect of Life Stress on Symptoms of Heartburn". Psychosomatic Medicine 2004; 66:426-434.

60.Tache' Y, Martinez V, Million M, Wang L. "Stress and the gastrointestinal tract III. Stress-related alterations of gut motor function: role of brain corticotropin-releasing factor receptors". Am J physiolGastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280; G173-7.

61.Fass R, Malagon I, Naliboff BD, Pulliam G, Peleg N, Mayer EA. "Effect of psychlogically induced stress on symptom perception and autonomic nervous system response of patients (PTS) with erosive esophagitis (EE) and non-erosive reflux disease (NERD)". Gastroenterology 2000; 118: A637.

62.Iascone C, DeMeester TR, Little AG, Skinner DB: Barrett's esophagus: Functional assessment, proposed pathogenesis, and surgical therapy. Arch Surg 118:543, 1983.

63.Falk GW: Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 122:1569, 2002.

64.Sharma P: Recent advances in Barrett's esophagus: Short segment Barrett's esophagus and cardia intestinal metaplasia SeminGastrointest Dis 10:93, 1999.

65.Sharma P, McQuaid K, Dent J, et al: A critical review of the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus: The AGA Chicago workshop. Gastroenterology 127:310, 2004.

66.Richter JE: Severe reflux esophagitis. GastrointestEndoscClin North Am 4:677, 1994.

67.Johnson LF, DeMeester, Haggitt RC: Endoscopic signs of gastroesophageal reflux objectively evaluated. GastrointestEndosc 22:151, 1976.

68.Funch-Jensen P, Kock K, Christensen LA, et al: Microscopic appearance of the esophageal mucosa in a consecutive series of patients submitted to endoscopy: Correlation with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and microscopic findings. Scand J Gastroenterol 21:65, 1986.

69.Riddell RH: The biopsy diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease, "Carditis," and Barrett's esophagus. Am J SurgPathol 20:31, 1996.

70.Schindlebeck NE, Wiebecke B, Kaluser AG, et al: Diagnostic value of histology in non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 39:151, 1996.

71.DeVault KR, Castell DO: Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 100:190, 2005.

72.Kahrilas PJ, Quigley EMM: Clinical esophageal pH recording: A technical review for practice guidelines development. Gastroenterology 110:1982, 1996.

73.Pandolfino JE, Richter JE, Ours T, et al: Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring using a wireless system. Am J Gastroenterol 98:740, 2003.

74.Johnston BT, Troshinsky MB, Castell JA, Castell DO: Comparison of barium radiology with esophageal pH monitoring in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 91:1181, 1996.

75.Waring JP, Hunter JG, Oddsdottir M: The preoperative evaluation of patients considered for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Am J Gastroenterol 90:35, 1995.

76. Meining A, Classen M: The role of diet and lifestyle measures in the pathogenesis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 95:2692, 2000.

77.Kitchen L, Castell DO: Rationale and efficacy of conservation therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Arch Intern Med 151:448, 1991.

78.Feldman M, Barnett C: Relationship between the acidity and osmolality of popular beverages and reported postprandial heartburn. Gastroenterology 108:125, 1995.

95.Weberg R, Berstad A: Symptomatic effect fo a low-dose antacid regimen in reflux oesophagitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 24:401, 1989.

80. Lieberman DA: Medical therapy for chronic reflux esophagitis: Long term follow-up. Arch Intern Med 147:717, 1987.

81. Ramirez B, Richter JE: Review article: Promotility drugs in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment PharmacolTher 7:5, 1993.

82. Fendrick AM, Shaw M, Schachtel B, et al: Self-selection and use patterns of over-the-counter omeprazole for frequent heartburn. ClinGastroenterolHepatol 2:17, 2004.

83. Lipsy RJ, Fennerty B, Fagan TC: Clinical review of histamine-2 receptor antagonists. Arch Intern Med 150:745, 1990.

84.Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Festen HPM, Meuwissen SGM: Pharmacological management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Drugs 49:697, 1995.

85.Wolfe MM, Sachs G: Acid suppression: Optimizing therapy for gastroduodenal ulcer healing, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and stress-related erosive syndrome. Gastroenterology 118(Suppl):9, 2000.

86.Hunt RH: Importance of pH control in the management of GERD. Arch Intern Med 159:649, 1999.

87.Miner P, Katz PO, Chen Y, Sostek M: Gastric acid control with esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole: A five-way crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol 98:2616, 2003.

88.Chiba N, Gara CJ, Wilkinson JM, Hunt RH: Speed of healing and symptom relief in grade II to IV gastroesophageal reflux disease: A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 112:1798, 1997.

89.Castell DO, Richter JE, Robinson M, et al: Efficacy and safety of lansoprazole in the treatment of erosive reflux esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 91:1749, 1996.

90.BianchiPorro G, Pace F, Peracchia A, et al: Short-term management of refractory reflux esophagitis with different doses of omeprazole of ranitidine. J ClinGastroenterol 15:192, 1992.

91.Ireland AC, Holloway RH, Toouli J, Dent J: Mechanisms underlying the antirflux action of fundoplication. Gut 34:303, 1993.

92.DeMeester TR, Bonavina L, Albertucci M: Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease: Evaluation of primary repair in 100 consecutive patients. Ann Surgery 204:9, 1986.

93.Ye W, Chow WH, Lagergren J, et al: Rick of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease after antireflux surgery. Gastroenterology 121:1286, 2001.

94.Perdikis G, Hinder RA, Lund RJ, et al: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication: Where do we stand? SurgLaparoscEndosc 7:17, 1997.

95.Kahrilas PJ: Radiofrequency therapy for the lower esophageal sphincter for treatment of GERD. GastrointesEndosc 57:723, 2003.

96.Fennerty MB: Endoscopic suturing for treatment of GERD GastrointestEndosc 57:390, 2003.

97.Edmundowicz SA: Injection therapy of the lower esophageal sphincter for the treatment of GERD. GastrointestEndosc 59:545, 2004.

98.Riley SA, Attwood SEA: Guidelines on the use of oesophageal dilatation in clinical practice. Gut 55:1, 2004.

 .99دکتر سید محمدکاظم حسینی اصل، دکتر بابک امراء،بررسی ارتباط بین علائم تنفسی و ریفلاکس معده به مری در جمعیت بالای بیست سال شهرکرد،مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد ، سال ششم، شماره 1 (پیاپی 21)

100. دکتر مهران رقاع، دکتر بهناز محبتیان، دکتر پویا دائمی، دکتر نصراله بشر دوست، دکتر اکرم پور شمس،ریفلاکس معده به مری در اصفهان، فصلنامه گوارش ، سال یازدهم، شماره 3 (پیاپی 56)

101.دکتر منوچهر خوشباطن، دکتر رزیتا علیزاده شالچی،بیماری ریفلاکس در منطقه شمال غرب تبریز - 1379
مجله پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز ، سال بیست و پنجم، شماره 3 (پیاپی 59)

102.Chen M, Xiong L, Chen H, Xu A, He L, Hu P. Prevalence, risk factors and impact of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a population-based study in South China. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jul;40(7):759-67.

103.Shaha M, Perveen I, Alamgir MJ, Masud MH, Rahman MH. Prevalence and risk factors for gastro-esophageal reflux disease in the North-Eastern part of Bangladesh.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2012 Dec;38(3):108-13.

104.Chen JH, Wang HY, Lin HH, Wang CC, Wang LY. Prevalence and determinants of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in adolescents.J GastroenterolHepatol. 2013 Jul 5. doi: 10.1111/jgh.12330.

105.Chou PH, Lin CC, Lin CH, Tsai CJ, Cheng C, Chuo YP, Chan CH, Lan TH. Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Major Depressive Disorder: A Population-Based Study.Psychosomatics. 2013 Aug 13. pii: S0033-3182(13)00103-5. doi: 10.1016/j