پایان نامه تولید بیو دیزل از میکرو جلبک های بومی استان مازندران با استفاده از کاتالیست های آلومینا زیرکونیا

فهرست:

مقدمه............................................................................................................................................................................1

فصل اول- مروری بر مطالعات پیشین................................................................................................................5

1-1- مقدمه...................................................................................................................................................................5

1-2- سوخت زیستی......................................................................................................................................................7

1-2-1- انواع سوخت‌های زیستی.............................................................................................................................9

1-2-1-1- بیودیزل...........................................................................................................................................9

1-3- پیشینه تولید و استفاده از بیودیزل.....................................................................................................................11

1-4- ریز جلبک‌ها و تولید سوخت‌های زیستی............................................................................................................12

1-5- تبدیل روغن به بیودیزل......................................................................................................................................18

1-6- تولید توده زیستی ریز جلبک.............................................................................................................................23

1-6-1- استخرها...................................................................................................................................................25

1-6-2- فتوبیورآکتورها..........................................................................................................................................26

1-6-3- مقایسه فتوبیوراکتور لوله‌ای و استخرهای روباز........................................................................................30

1-7- بازیابی توده زیستی ریز جلبک...........................................................................................................................31

1-7-1- روش‌های جمع آوری محصول.................................................................................................................32

1-7-1-1- روش لخته سازی و اولترا سونیک..................................................................................................32

1-7-1-2- جمع آوری با استفاده از شناورسازی.............................................................................................34

1-7-1-3- ته نشینی با استفاده از سانتریفوژ و نیروی گرانش.........................................................................34

1-7-1-4- فیلتراسیون توده زیستی................................................................................................................35

1-7-2- استخراج و خالص سازی توده زیستی ریز جلبک.....................................................................................35

1-7-3- استخراج و خالص سازی سوخت‌های زیستی...........................................................................................36

1-7-4- استخراج و خالص سازی متابولیت های جلبکی.......................................................................................37

1-8- تبدیل روغن استخراج شده از ریز جلبک به بیودیزل..........................................................................................38

1-8-1- روش‌های تولید رایج................................................................................................................................38

1-8-2- کاتالیست غیر همگن در واکنش ترنس استریفیکاسیون..........................................................................41

1-9- سابقه علمی تولید بیودیزل از ریز جلبک‌ها........................................................................................................43

1-10- بررسی میزان تولید و استفاده از بیودیزل در جهان.........................................................................................46

1-11- بررسی وضعیت ایران در تولید بیودیزل..........................................................................................................47

1-12- هدف تحقیق..................................................................................................................................................50

فصل دوم- مواد و روش انجام تحقیق.............................................................................................................51

2-1- مقدمه...............................................................................................................................................................51

2-2- انتخاب ریز جلبک.............................................................................................................................................52

2-3- محیط کشت مایع.............................................................................................................................................53

2-4- آزمایش بررسی نور و مواد مغذی.......................................................................................................................54

2-5- منحنی کالیبراسیون وزن خشک سلولی............................................................................................................55

2-6- برداشت ریز جلبک از محیط کشت و خشک کردن آن‌ها.................................................................................57

2-7- استخراج روغن از ریز جلبک خشک.................................................................................................................58

2-8- آنالیز روغن استخراج شده با استفاده از دستگاه کروماتوگرافی گازی................................................................59

2-9- ساخت کاتالیست..............................................................................................................................................61

2-9-1- سنتز کاتالیست گاما آلومینا زیرکونیا.....................................................................................................62

2-9-2- سنتز کاتالیست آلومینا.............................................................................................................................66

2-9-3- سنتز کاتالیست زیرکونیا..........................................................................................................................67

2-10- آنالیز تعیین مشخصات کاتالیست.....................................................................................................................68

2-11- انجام واکنش‌های ترنس استریفیکاسیون..........................................................................................................69

2-11-1- بررسی پارامترهای موثر بر فرایند ترنس استریفیکاسیون.......................................................................69

فصل سوم- بررسی و نتایج..............................................................................................................................75

3-1- مقدمه.................................................................................................................................................................75

3-2- بررسی اثر هم زمان شدت نور و میزان نیتروژن..................................................................................................75

3-3- استخراج روغن از ریز جلبک و آنالیز روغن حاصل.............................................................................................80

3-4- تعیین پارامترهای سینیتیک رشد ریز جلبک سندسموس..................................................................................83

3-5- تعیین مشخصات کاتالیست‌های سنتز شده........................................................................................................86

3-5-1- آنالیز طیف سنجی تبدیل فوریه مادون قرمز............................................................................................86

3-5-1-1- کاتالیست گاما آلومینا زیرکونیا......................................................................................................86

3-5-1-2- کاتالیست آلومینا...........................................................................................................................87

3-5-1-3- کاتالیست زیرکونیا.........................................................................................................................88

3-5-2- آنالیز طیف سنجی پراش اشعه ایکس......................................................................................................89

3-5-2-1- کاتالیست گاما آلومینا زیرکونیا......................................................................................................89

3-5-2-2- کاتالیست آلومینا...........................................................................................................................93

3-5-2-3- کاتالیست زیرکونیا.........................................................................................................................94

3-5-3- تعیین مساحت سطح و توزیع اندازه ذرات با آنالیز BET و BJH..........................................................94

3-5-4- آنالیز میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی کاتالیست‌های سنتز شده..............................................................103

3-5-5- آنالیز میکروسکوپ الکترونی عبوری کاتالیست‌های سنتز شده..............................................................105

3-6- واکنش ترنس استریفیکاسیون..........................................................................................................................107

3-6-1- فاکتورهای اصلی تأثیر گذار بر بازده تولید بیودیزل...............................................................................108

3-6-1-1- مقدار الکل..................................................................................................................................108

3-6-1-2- مدت زمان واکنش......................................................................................................................110

3-6-1-3- دمای واکنش..............................................................................................................................111

3-6-1-4- مقدار کاتالیست...........................................................................................................................112

3-6-2- واکنش ترنس استریفیکاسیون با روغن جلبک.......................................................................................113

3-6-3- احیا کاتالیست‌های سنتز شده...............................................................................................................118

فصل چهارم- نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادات........................................................................................................121

پیوست الف................................................................................................................................................................127

پیوست ب..................................................................................................................................................................137

پیوست ج...................................................................................................................................................................140

مراجع........................................................................................................................................................................145

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