پایان نامه اثرات اسانس مرزه بر تخمیر شکمبه و عملکرد در بز غاله های بومی آذربایجان غربی(مهابادی)

فهرست:

چکیده ت‌

فصل اول. 1

مقدمه. 1

1-1- مقدمه. 2

فصل دوم. 5

بررسی منابع. 5

2-1-تاریخچه و معرفی گیاهان دارویی. 6

2-2-ترکیب های ثانویه. 7

2-3- تاریخچه کشف ترکیبات  ثانویه گیاهان. 7

2-4- انواع ترکیبات ثانویه. 8

2-4-1-ترکیب های ثانویه به 9 گروه مهم زیر تقسیم بندی می شوند: 8

2-5- ماده موثره 9

2-6- اسانس یا ترکیب های آروماتیک یا روغن های فرار 9

2-7- هیدروکربن های موتوترپنی. 10

2-8- فنل ها 10

2-9- طبقه بندی خانواده نعناع. 12

2-10- مرزه 1 13

2-11-  مشخصات گیاه 13

2-12-شیمی گیاه مرزه 14

2-13- استخراج مواد متشکله گیاهان دارویی. 16

2-14- انتخاب حلال. 16

2-15- روش‌های استخراج. 16

2-15-1- روش خیساندن: 16

2-15-2- روش پرکولاسیون: 16

2-15-3- روش هضم: 16

2-15-4- روش دم کردن: 16

2-15-5- روش جوشاندن: 17

2-15-6- روش سوکسله: 17

2-16- عصاره‌های گیاهی. 17

2-17- حلال‌های استخراجی. 18

2-18- اسانس‌ها 18

2-19- اثرات بیولوژیکی اسانس‌ها 18

2-20- ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس‌ها 18

2-21- نقش اسانس های گیاهی در تغذیه دام. 19

2-22-خصوصیات افزودنی‌های خوراکی. 20

2-23-  روغن های فرار 21

2-24- تاثیر اسانس ها بر تخمیر میکروبی شکمبه. 21

2-25-  تاثیر اسانس ها بر متابولیسم پروتئین. 24

2-26-  تاثیر اسانس ها بر  تولید اسیدهای چرب فرار 30

2-27- تاثیر اسانس ها بر  عملکرد حیوان. 33

فصل سوم. 36

مواد و روش ها 36

3-1- مکان و زمان انجام آزمایش... 37

3-2- تهیه مواد آزمایشی. 37

3-3-جیره های آزمایشی. 38

3-4-دام های مورد آزمایش... 38

3-5-تجزیه شیمیایی اقلام جیره 39

3-5- 1-اندازه گیری رطوبت و ماده خشک.. 39

3-5-2 - اندازه گیری درصد پروتئین خام. 39

3-5-3- اندازه گیری ماده آلی  وخاکستر 40

3-5-3- اندازه گیری دیواره سلولی بدون همی سلولی (1ADF) 40

3-5-4- اندازه گیری دیواره سلولی (NDF)1 40

3-6-  بررسی عملکرد دام ها 40

3-7-  نمونه گیری. 41

3-8-  تجزیه و تحلیل آماری. 41

فصل چهارم. 42

نتایج و بحث.. 42

4-1- عملکرد 43

4-2- تاثیر سطوح مختلف اسانس بر تخمیر شکمبه. 44

4-3- فراسنجه های خونی. 55

4-3 -1-   تری گلیسیرید خون. 55

4-3-2- اسید های چرب غیر استریفه خون. 55

4-3-3 - بتاهیدروکسی بوتیریک اسید. 56

4-3-4 - کلسترول. 57

4-3-5- کراتینین. 57

4-3-6- لیپوپروتئین با چگالی کم. 57

4-3-7- لیپوپروتئین با چگالی زیاد 58

4-3-8- لیپوپروتئین با چگالی خیلی کم. 58

4-3-9- اوره خون. 58

4-3-10- گلوکز خون. 59

4-3-11-   پروتئین کل خون. 60

4-3-12-آلبومین خون. 60

نتیجه گیری. 61

و 61

پیشنهادات.. 61

نتیجه گیری. 62

پیشنهادات: 63

منابع: 64

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