پایان نامه تاثیر مکمل سازی سیر و پیاز تازه برعملکرد و سیستم ایمنی جوجه های گوشتی

فهرست:

فصل اول مقدمه……………………….……………………………………………....……….1

فصل دوم بررسی منابع(مروری بر پژوهش­های انجام شده).................................................5

اهمیت گوشت طیور در تغذیه انسان..................................................................................................................................6

2-1- آنتی­بیوتیک ها در تغذیه طیور.................................................................................................................................6

2-1-1- اثرات درمانی استفاده از آنتی­بیوتیک ها به عنوان افزودنی­های خوراکی..................................................6

2-1-2- مکانیسم عمل آنتی­بیوتیک ها............................................................................................................................7

2-1-3- مقاومت آنتی­بیوتیکی.............................................................................................................................................9

2-1-4- ممنوعیت آنتی­بیوتیک های خوراکی.................................................................................................................9

2-1-5- جانشین آنتی­بیوتیک های محرک رشد........................................................................................................10

2-2- پروبیوتیک­ها..............................................................................................................................................................10

2-3- پری­بیوتیک­ها...........................................................................................................................................................11

2-4-اسیدهای آلی و نمک های آن ها...........................................................................................................................11

2-5- مواد معدنی و نمک­های آن­ها...............................................................................................................................12

2-6- گیاهان دارویی...........................................................................................................................................................12

2-6-1- گیاهان دارویی در ایران......................................................................................................................................14

سیر..........................................................................................................................................................................................16

وضعیت تولید محصول و جغرافیای تولید......................................................................................................................17

آمار تولید محصول در کشور .............................................................................................................................................17

وضعیت صادرات در ایران .................................................................................................................................................17

وضعیت واردات ایران...........................................................................................................................................................17

گونه­های سیر ......................................................................................................................................................................20

ترکیبات شیمیایی سیر و اجزای سازنده­ی سیر............................................................................................................20

خواص سیر و تاثیرات دارویی آن:..................................................................................................................................21

سیر و کاهش کلسترول ....................................................................................................................................................21

سیر و کاهش فشار خون:................................................................................................................................................ 22

نقش سیر در تصلب شرایین...........................................................................................................................................22

نقش سیر در عملکرد سیستم ایمنی..............................................................................................................................23

فعالیت ضد ویروسی ...........................................................................................................................................................23

فالیت ضد باکتریایی............................................................................................................................................................23

فعالیت ضد قارچی .............................................................................................................................................................23

فعالیت ضد انگلی ..............................................................................................................................................................24

فعالیت آنتی اکسیدان سیر................................................................................................................................................24

اثرات سیر بر روی آسیب کلیوی......................................................................................................................................24

آلیسین و خواص آن.............................................................................................................................................................26

انواع شکل­های سیر موجود در بازار و خواص آنها : ....................................................................................................26

مطالعات اثرات سیر در طیور......................................................................................................................................... 27

اثرات جانبی و سمیت ........................................................................................................................................................29

پیاز...........................................................................................................................................................................................30

پیازخام....................................................................................................................................................................................30

مطالعه اثرات پیاز در حیوانات............................................................................................................................................34

جدول مربوط به ترکیبات شیمیایی موجود در سیر و پیاز تازه ................................................................................35

فصل سوم  مواد و روش ها.........................................................................................38

محل و زمان آزمایش...........................................................................................................................................................39

 آماده­سازی سالن ................................................................................................................................................................39

مشخصات جیره­ها: ..............................................................................................................................................................39

مدیریت پرورش ..................................................................................................................................................................41

نور : .....................................................................................................................................................................................41

رطوبت: ...............................................................................................................................................................................41

تهویه: .................................................................................................................................................................................41

دانخوری و آبخوری: ........................................................................................................................................................41

دما........................................................................................................................................................................................42

برنامه واکسیناسیون.........................................................................................................................................................42

 پرندگان و گروه­های آزمایشی......................................................................................................................................43

گروه­های آزمایشی: ........................................................................................................................................................43

مدل آماری و تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها .........................................................................................................................43

متغیرهای مورد بررسی در مورد عملکرد و روش اندازه گیری آنها......................................................................44

مصرف خوراک..................................................................................................................................................................44

افزایش وزن هفتگی.........................................................................................................................................................45

ضریب تبدیل خوراکی.....................................................................................................................................................45

درصد تلفات: ...................................................................................................................................................................45

وزن نهایی...........................................................................................................................................................................46

بازده لاشه و تفکیک آن...................................................................................................................................................46

اندازه گیری طول نسبی روده باریک ...........................................................................................................................46

تعیین تیتر آنتی بادی نیوکاسل.....................................................................................................................................47

پروفایل چربی خون .........................................................................................................................................................47

فصل چهارم  نتایج.....................................................................................................49

4-1- اثر جیره های آزمایشی بر عملکرد:...................................................................................................................50

4-1-1- مصرف خوراک: ...............................................................................................................................................50

4-1-2 - افزایش وزن روزانه: ......................................................................................................................................50

4-1-3 - ضریب تبدیل خوراک....................................................................................................................................51

4-2- وزن لاشه و اندام­­های داخلی.................................................................................................................................51

4-3- تلفات در مراحل مختلف پرورش  .......................................................................................................................52

4-4- وزن ارگانهای مربوط به سیستم ایمنی بدن ....................................................................................................52

4-5- اثر جیره­های آزمایشی بر پاسخ ایمنی همورال در مقابل بیماری نیوکاسل در جوجه­های گوشتی.....52

4-6-پارامتر­های خونی........................................................................................................................................................52

فصل پنجم  بحث ......................................................................................................59

5-1-  بحث مربوط به عملکرد.........................................................................................................................................60

5-1-1- مصرف خوراک.....................................................................................................................................................60

5-1-2- افزایش وزن..........................................................................................................................................................62

5-1-3- ضریب تبدیل.......................................................................................................................................................63

5-1-4- بحث مربوط به سیر تازه بر عملکرد.................................................................................................................65

5-1-5- بحث مربوط به پیاز تازه بر روی عملکرد .......................................................................................................65

5-1-6- بحث مربوط به اثرات متقابل سیر و  پیاز تازه عملکرد................................................................................66

5-2-  بحث مربوط به متابولیت های خونی در روز 42 پرورش...............................................................................66

5-3- بحث مربوط به اثر جیره­های آزمایشی بر پاسخ ایمنی هومورال در مقابل بیماری نیوکاسل و وزن اندام های ایمنی در جوجه­های گوشتی....................................................................................................................................69

5-4- بحث مربوط به  وزن نسبی لاشه و اندام های داخلی.....................................................................................71

نتیجه­گیری کلی........................................................................................................72

پیشنهادات: ............................................................................................................73

منابع و مراجع. .........................................................................................................74

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