پایان نامه مطالعه آزمایشگاهی پدیده ی سایش گاز حاوی شن و قطرات مایع در خطوط لوله

فهرست:

1-مقدمه:. 2

2-مبانی نظری تحقیق  5

2-1- تعریف سایش............................................................................................5

2-1-1- نوع فلز هدف و زاویه برخورد 7

2-1-2- اثر سختی فلز هدف.. 9

2-2- تعریف خوردگی......................................................................................10

2-2-1- حمله یکنواخت.. 10

2-2-2- خوردگی گالوانیک.. 11

2-2-3- خوردگی شکافی. 11

2-2-4- آبشویی ترجیحی. 11

2-2-5- خوردگی درون دانه ای. 12

2-2-6- خوردگی حفره ای. 12

2-2-7- خوردگی فرسایشی. 12

2-2-8- خوردگی تنشی. 13

2-3- مکانیسم های سایش.….…………………………………………13

2-3-1- سایش قطره ای: 13

2-3-2- سایش ناشی از دانه های شن و ماسه. 14

2-3-3- پدیده کاویتاسیون. 21

2-3-4- خوردگی سایشی. 22

2-4- سایش ناشی از جریان هوا، شن و آب...………….……………………24

2-5- روشهای مورد استفاده برای اندازه گیری و گزارش سرعت سایش……….….26

2-5-1- روش اندازه گیری توسط کوپنها 26

2-5-2- دستگاههای اندازهگیری اولتراسونیک.. 29

2-5-3- کاوشگرهای مقاومت الکتریکی. 30

2-5-4- کاوشگرهای الکتروشیمیایی. 31

2-6- راهکارهای کاهش سایش..........................................................................31

2-6-1- کاهش دبی تولید. 32

2-6-2- طراحی سیستم لوله کشی. 32

2-6-3- مواد مخصوص مقاوم در برابر سایش... 32

2-6-4- افزایش ضخامت دیواره لوله. 33

2-6-5- ممانعت از تولید شن و جداسازی آن. 33

3-مروری بر تحقیقات گذشته. 36

3-1- مروری بر فرمول استاندارد ………...…………………..……...API38

3-2- معادله مناسب برای شن..……………………….…………………39

3-3- معادلات مرکز تحقیقات خوردگی و سایش دانشگاه تولسا..………………..42

3-4- شبیه سازی با نرم افزار..………….……………………………….44

4-روش تحقیق..………………………………………………………..49

4-1- دستگاه آزمایش..…….…………………………………………..49

4-2- آماده سازی شن..…….………………………………………….58

4-3- مراحل انجام آزمایش ها:.……….…………………………………59

4-4-آنالیز..………...………………………………………………..60

5-نتایج.………………………………………………………………64

5-1- اثر اندازه شن بروی سایش در جریان دو فازی..………….……………..65

5-2- اثر میزان آب تزریقی در جریان سه فازی..…………………………….66

5-3- تاثیر اندازه ذرات در جریان سه فازی..…………….………………….68

5-4- مقایسه سایش در زانویی و لوله عمودی.…………….………………..69

5-5- مقایسه زانویی افقی و عمودی..………….………………………….70

5-6- مقایسه ی جنس کوپن ها.………….……………………………..71

5-7- آنالیز ظاهری..……….………………………………………….72

5-7-1-میکروسکوپ الکترونی. 73

5-7-2-آنالیز کوپن ها با میکروسکوپ الکترونی. 74

6-نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادات   83

6-1- نتیجه گیری.……….…………………………………………..83

6-2- پیشنهادات.…………………………………………………….84

7-منابع.………………………………………………………………86

منبع:

1-               

[1] Ken Jordan (1998). "EROSION IN MULTIPHASE PRODUCTION OF OIL & GAS." Corosion98., paper No.58.

[2] Mysara E. Mohyaldinn, Noaman Elkhatib, Mokhtar C. Ismail (2010). "A Computational tool for erosion / corrosion prediction in Oil / Gas production plant." ICSSST20103rd International Conference on Solid State Science &Technology.

[3] N.A. Barton (2003). "Erosion in elbows in hydrocarbon production systems: Review document." Health and Safety Executive.

[4] S. J .Svedeman (1993). "Experimental study of the erosion / corrosion velocity criterion for sizing multiphase flow lines." NACE.,  paper No. 02669.

[5] Y Zhang, B Mclaury, S.A. Shirazi (2009). "Improvements of  Particle Near-Wall Velocity and Erosion Predictions Using a commercial CFD Code Department of  mechanical Engineering." Journal of Fluids Engineering., vol 131.

[6] S.A.shirazi (1994). "Threshold Velocities How fast can you flow and still avoid sand erosion problem?." E/CRC.

[7] A. Keating (2000). "Numerical Prediction of erosion corrosion in bends." Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Queensland.

[8] Q. H. Mazumder, S. A. Shirazi and B. S. McLaury (2004). "A MECHANISTIC MODEL TO PREDICT SAND EROSION IN MULTIPHASE FLOW IN ELBOWSDOWNSTREAM OF VERTICAL PIPES." NACE., paper No. 04662.

[9] A. Gnanavelu, N. Kapur, A. Neville, J.F. Flores, N. Ghorbani (2011). "A numerical investigation of a geometry independent integrated method topredict erosion rates in slurry erosion."  Wear 271., 712– 719.

[10] Y Zhang, B Mclaury, S.A. Shirazi (2010). "A TWO-DIMENSIONAL MECHANISTIC MODEL FOR SAND EROSION PREDICTIONINCLUDING PARTICLE IMPACT CHARACTERISTICS." Erosion/Corrosion Research Center Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Tulsa NACE.,  paper No. 10378.

[11] Xianghui Chen, Brenton S. McLaury, Siamack A. Shirazi (2004). "Application and experimental validation of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based erosion prediction model in elbows and plugged tees." Computers & Fluids 33 ., 1251–1272.

[12] S. N Shah, S Jain, Y, Zhu (2005). "Coilded Tubing erosion during hydraulic slurry flow." SPE 89479.

[13] J. Andrews (2005). "Production enhancement from sand management philosophy A Case Study from Statfjord and Gullfaks

." SPE94511.

[14] M. Bailey, I.L. Blanco and R.S Rosine (2001). "Comparison of computational CFD of erosion in Coiled Tubing on Reel-to- Injector   Flow area." SPE 121171.

[15] M. Bailey, I.L. Blanco and R.S Rosine (1998). "Comparison of computational  CFD of erosion in Coiled Tubing to field and test data."  SPE 113619.

[16] K. Jordan, Erosion in multiphase production of Oil and Gas, Corrosion 98., paper No 58.

[17] M. MOHYALDIN1, N. ELKHATIB, M. CHE ISMAIL (2007). " Evaluation of Different Modeling Methods Used for Erosion Prediction."  NACE Shanghai. , paper No. 11005.

[18] B.S. McLaury, and S.A. Shirazi (1998). "Generalization of API RP 14E for Erosive service in Multiphase Production." SPE 5681.

[19] O. Njobuenwu, M (2012). "Fair weather Modeling of pipe bend erosion by dilute particle suspensions." Computers and Chemical Engineering.

[20] D. TENG, G. NETTLESHIP, S. HICKING, K. HINDMARSH (1998). " HIGH RATE GAS WELL DESIGN: ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS GOODWYN GAS CONDENSATE." SPE 50081.

[21] Chenliang Fan, Brenton S. McLaury, Siamack A. Shirazi and Edmund F. Rybicki (2012). " Experimental Research of Sand Erosion in Gas Dominant Flows." NACE., C2012-0001422.

[22] Mamdouh M. Salama (1998). " An Alternative to API 14E Erosional Velocity Limits for Sand Laden Fluids." SPE., OTC 8898.

 [23] E.S. Vankatesh (1986). " Erosion damage in oil and gas well." SPE 15183.

[24] M.M. Salama and E.S. Venkatesh (1983). " Evaluation of API RP 14E Erosional Velocity Limitations for Offshore Gas Wells." SPE., OTC 4485.

[25] Ri Zhang , HaixiaoLiu , Chuntian Zhao (2013). " A probability model for solid particle erosion in a straight pipe." Wear., Wear308(2013)1–9.

[26] B.S. McLaury, J. Wang, S.A. Shirazi, J.R. Shadley, E.F. Rybicki(1997). "Solid particle erosion in long radius elbows and straight pipes". in: Proceedings of SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio., TX, SPE 38842.

[27]Ronald E. Vieira, Netaji R. Kesana, Siamack A. Shirazi, Brenton S. McLaury (2014). " Experiments for Sand Erosion Model Improvement for Elbows in Gas Production, Low-Liquid Loading and Annular Flow Conditions." COROSION2014., Paper No. 4325.

[28]  N.A. Barton(2003). "Erosion in Elbows in Hydrocarbon Production System: Review Document." Research Report 115, HSE, ISBN 0 7176 2743 8.

[29] J. R. Shadley, S. A. Shirazi, E. Dayalan, and E. F. Rybicki (1998). “Prediction of ErosionCorrosion Penetration Rate in a CO2 Environment with Sand," CORROSION/98., paper no. 59.

[30] Q. H. Mazumder, S. A. Shirazi and B. S. McLaury (2008). “Prediction of Solid Particle Erosive Wear of Elbows in Multiphase Annular Flow-Model Development and Experimental Validations.” ASME Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 130-2 ., p. 023001.

[31] R. Dosila (2009). “Effects of Low Liquid Loading on Solid Particle Erosion for Gas Dominant Multiphase Flows.” M.S. Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK,U.S.A.

[31] Amin Nabipour, Brian Evans, Mohammad Sarmadivaleh(2012), "Methods for Measurement of Solid Particles in Hydrocarbon Flow Streams", SPE, Curtin University, Chris Kalli, SPE, Chevron ETC, Australia.

[32] B. S. McLaury, S.A. Shirazi, Q. H. Mazumder and , and V. Viswanathan (2006). “Effect of Upstream Pipe Orientation on Erosion in Bends for Annular Flow.” CORROSION/2006., paper no. 06572 (San Diego, CA: NACE International.

[33] A. Huser, O. Kvernvold(1998). "Prediction of Sand Erosion in Process and Pipe Components." Proc. 1st North American Conference on Multiphase Technology., pp. 217–227.

[34] Ronnie Russell, Hang Nguyen, and Kai Sun (2011). " CHOOSING BETTER API RP 14E C FACTORS FOR PRACTICAL OILFIELD IMPLEMENTATION." NACE., Paper No.11248.

[35] M. Pyboyina (2006). "Experimental Investigation and Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Erosion on Electrical Resistance Probes." Master's Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.

[36] R. E. Vieira, N. R. Kesana, B. S. McLaury, S. A. Shirazi (2012). “Sand Erosion in Multiphase Flow for Low-Liquid Loading and Annular Conditions.” in Proceedings of the International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exhibit – American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

[37] R. Kaji and B.J. Azzopardi (2009). "The Effect of Pipe Diameter on the Structure of Gas/Liquid Flow in Vertical Pipes." Int. J. Multiphase Flow.

[38] W. Ambrosini, P. Andreussi, and B. J. Azzopardi(1991). "A Physically Based Correlation for Drop Size in Annular Flow." Int. J. Multiphase Flow.

[39]A. J. Holt, B. J. Azzopardi, and M. W,. Biddulph (1999). "Calculation of Two-phase Pressure Drop for Vertical Up flow in Narrow Passages by Means of a Flow Pattern Specific Model." Trans. Inst. Chem.

[40]Y. I. Oka. Okamura K., and T. Yoshida (2005). “Practical Estimation of Erosion Damage caused by Solid Particle Impact, Part 1: Effects of Impact Parameters on a Predictive Equation.” Journal of Wear.

[41] Y. Zhang, E. P. Reuterfors, B. S. McLaury, S. A. Shirazi, E. F. Rybicki (2007). “Comparison of computed and measured particle velocities and erosion in water and air flows,” Journal of Wear.

[42]B. S. McLaury, S. A. Shirazi, V. Viswanathan, Q. H. Mazumder, G. Santos (2011). "Distribution of Sand Particles in Horizontal and Vertical Annular Multiphase Flow in Pipes and the Effects on Sand Erosion." Journal of Energy Resources Technology., Vol.133/023001-1.

[43] Q. H. Mazumder, G. Santos, S. A. Shirazi, B.S. McLaury (2003). "Effect of Sand Distribution on Erosion in Annular Three-phase Flow." Proceedings of 2003 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

[44] D. Mills, J. S. Mason (1997). "Particle Concentration Effects in Bend Erosion." Powder Technology., Vol. 17, PP. 37-53.

[45] C. Fan, B. S. McLaury, S. A. Shirazi (2011). "Evaluation of Electrical Resistance Probes To Detect Pipeline Erosion and Sand Production in Low Liquid Loading Flow Conditions." Proceedings of 2011 SPE Eastern Region Meeting, SPE-149013, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.

[46] A. Huser, O. Kvernvold (1998). "Prediction of Sand Erosion in Process and Pipe Components." BHR group Conference Serie.s, Publ. No.31, pp. 217-227.

[47] B. Hedges, A Bodington (2004). “A Comparison of Monitoring Techniques for Improved Erosion Control: A Field Study.” CORROSION., paper no. 04355.

[48] Ken Jordan (1661). "Erosion in multiphase production of oil and gas, Shell Offshore Incorporated.", One Shell Square, P.O. Box 91633, New Orleans, LA 45191.

[49] M.M. Salama, E.S. Venkatesh(1983). "Evaluation of API RP 14E erosional velocity limitation for offshore gas wells.", in: proceedings of offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, 1613, OTC 4415.

[50] Smart, J. S. (1990). "A Review of Erosion Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production," Corosion90, Paper 10, NACE.

[51] Gipson, Fred (1989). "Petroleum Production Engineering, Pits and Pieces." Manual of Southwest Petroleum Short Course – Texas Tech Uuiversity., April 17-20.

[52] Greving, D. (1991), "Effect of Flow Velocity on the Performance of Selected Oil Field Corrosion inhibitors in Vertical Tubing, under Two-Phase Flow Conditions." Master of Science Thesis, Mechanical Engineering, University of Tulsa.

[53] Birchenough, P. M., Dawson, S. G. B., Lockett, T. J., and McCarthy(1996). "Erosion Induced Corrosion of I 3 Cr Steel." NACE 7thMiddle East Conference on Corrosion, Bahrain.

[54] Camach, R. A. (1988). "The Design, Constniction, and Testing of a Liquid Impingement Apparatus and a Study of Metal Sui-faces Eroded by Liquid Impingenment." Master of Science Thesis, l'he University of Tulsa.

[55] B.S. McLaury, S.A. Shirazi (1999). "Generalization of API RP 14E for Erosive Service in Multiphase Production." SPE 56812, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,Houston, Texas,.

[57] Asmund Huser and Oddmund Kvernvold (1998). "PREDICTION OF SAND EROSION IN PROCESS AND PIPE COMPONENTS." North American Conference on Multiphase Technology.

 [58] احمد ساعتچی (1365)، "مهندسی خوردگی"، چاپ اول اصفهان:جهاد دانشگاهی دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان