پایان نامه تاثیر متقابل خستگی و ساختار کف پا بر ویژگی های کینماتیکی راه رفتن

فهرست:

1-1. مقدمه............................................................................................................................................................................... 3

1-2. تعریف مساله و بیان نکات اصلی........................................................................................................................... 4

1-4 اهداف پژوهش................................................................................................................................................................... 7

.1-4-1 هدف کلی.................................................................................................................................................................... 7

1-4-2. اهدف جزیی.................................................................................................................................................................. 7

1-5. فرضیه­های تحقیق........................................................................................................................................................... 7

1-6. روش اجرای پژوهش......................................................................................................................................................... 7

1-7.  محدودیت­های پژوهش.................................................................................................................................................. 9

1-8. تعریف عملیاتی واژه­ها................................................................................................................................................ 9

فصل دوم: پیشینه تحقیق

2-1. مقدمه............................................................................................................................................................................... 15

2-2.  آناتومی و ساختار پا..................................................................................................................................................... 14

2-3.  مفاصل پا........................................................................................................................................................................ 15

2-4.  قوس­های پا...................................................................................................................................................................... 18

2-5. عضلات عمل کننده روی مجموعه پا...................................................................................................................... 19

2-5-1.  عضلات قسمت خارجی پا.......................................................................................................................... 19

2-5-6. عضله درشت نئی قدامی............................................................................................................................ 20

2-5-7. عضله دوقلو..................................................................................................................................................... 21

2-5-8. عضله نعلی..................................................................................................................................................... 22

2-5-9.   عضله نازک نئی طویل.............................................................................................................................. 22

2-6. کف پای صاف.................................................................................................................................................................. 23

2-7. انواع کف پای صاف............................................................................................................................................ 24

2-7-1 کف پای صاف منعطف................................................................................................................................. 24

2-7-2. کف پای صاف غیر منعطف(سخت) 26

2-8. عوارض ناشی از صافی کف پا.................................................................................................................................. 27

2-9.  راه رفتن.............................................................................................................................................................................. 27

2-9-1.  اصطلاح شناسی راه رفتن..................................................................................................................................... 27

2-9-2  بیومکانیک راه رفتن.................................................................................................................................................. 29

2-10. سیکل راه رفتن.................................................................................................................................................. 31

2-11. مراحل تشکیل دهنده فاز استانس............................................................................................................ 35

2-12. رویدادهای مرحله نوسان................................................................................................................................ 37

1.  مرحله پروپالژن........................................................................................................................................................ 37

2-13.  استراید، استپ، کدنس................................................................................................................................ 39

2-14.  حرکت مفاصل .. 42

2-15.  حرکات در صفحه ساجیتال........................................................................................................................ 43

2-16.  خستگی........................................................................................................................................................................ 45

2-16-1.  خستگی در سطح سیستم اعصاب مرکزی............................................................................................... 46

2-16-2.  خستگی در سطح نخاع و اعصاب محیطی............................................................................................... 46

2-16-3.  خستگی در محل اتصال عصبی عضلانی .. 47

2-16-4.  خستگی در عضله................................................................................................................................................ 48

2-17.  پروتکلهای خستگی اندام تحتانی......................................................................................................................... 48

2-18. میزان درک فشار (RPE) 49

2-19.  اثر خستگی بر پارامترهای بیومکانیکی راه رفتن............................................................................................ 50

فصل سوم: روش پژوهش

3-1. مقدمه............................................................................................................................................................................... 55

3-2. نوع تحقیق.......................................................................................................................................................................... 55

3-3. جامعه آماری و نحوه گزینش نمونه­ها...................................................................................................................... 55

3-3-1. شرایط عمومی ورود به آزمون............................................................................................................................... 55

3-3-2 شرایط اختصاصی ورود به آزمون . 55

3-3-2-1  شاخص قوس......................................................................................................................................................... 56

3-3-2-2.  ارتفاع ناوی نرمالایز شده .................................................................................................................................  58

3-3-2-3. افت ناوی................................................................................................................................................................... 59

3-3-3.  مشخصات آزمودنی­های شرکت کننده در پژوهش ... 60

3-4. متغیرهای تحقیق............................................................................................................................................................. 61

3-4-1  متغیرهای مستقل.................................................................................................................................................... 61

3-4-2  متغیرهای وابسته .. 61

3-5 ابزار اندازه­گیری................................................................................................................................................................ 62

3-6. روش اجرای پژوهش......................................................................................................................................................... 65

3-7.  تجزیه و تحلیل داده­های کینماتیکی.......................................................................................................................... 66

3-8. روش­های آماری.................................................................................................................................................................. 68

فصل چهارم: تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها

4-1 مقدمه . 71

4-2 نتایج حاصل از پیش آزمون........................................................................................................................................... 71

4-2-1   مقایسه زوایای مفاصل گروه­های کف پای صاف و نرمال طی پیش آزمون........................................... 71

4-2-2  مقایسه متغیرهای سری زمانی گروه­های کف پای صاف و نرمال طی پیش آزمون............................. 74

4- 3. مقایسه تفاوت­های درون گروهی............................................................................................................................. 75

4-3-1.  بررسی نتایج حاصل از مقایسه متغیرهای زوایای مفصلی در پیش و پس آزمون گروه نرمال       75

4-3-2  بررسی نتایج حاصل از مقایسه متغیرهای زوایای مفصلی در پیش و پس آزمون گروه کف پای صاف            78

4-3-3   بررسی نتایج حاصل از مقایسه متغیرهای سری_ زمانی پیش و پس آزمون گروه نرمال            81

4-3-4  بررسی نتایج حاصل از مقایسه متغیرهای سری_ زمانی پیش و پس آزمون گروه کف پای صاف 82

4-4  نتایج حاصل از مقایسه تفاوت­های بین گروهی.................................................................................................. 84

4-4-1 بررسی نتایج حاصل از مقایسه مقادیر تغییرات زوایای مفاصل بین گروه های کف پای صاف و نرمال در پای راست و چپ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84

4-4-2  بررسی نتایج حاصل از مقایسه داده­های سری زمانی مفاصل بین گروه­های کف پای صاف و نرمال   85

4-5. مقایسه تفاوت­های بین گروهی در پس­آزمون............................................................... 94

4-5-1. مقایسه نتایج حاصل از میانگین­های داده­های زوایای مفاصل بین گروه­های کف پای صاف و نرمال در پای راست و چپ در پس­آزمون...................................................................................................... 94

4-5-2. مقایسه نتایج حاصل از اختلاف میانگین­های داده­های سری-زمانی بین گروه­های کف پای صاف و نرمال در پای راست و چپ در پس­آزمون................................................................................................. 95

فصل پنجم: بحث و نتیجه گیری

5-1. مقدمه......................................................................................................................................................................... 99

5 -2. بررسی نتایج حاصل از پیش آزمون...........................................................................   99

5-2-1.  زوایای مفصلی مچ پا زانو و ران در مرحله ضربه پاشنه...................................... 99

5-2-2.  زوایای مفصلی مچ پا زانو و ران در مرحله میانه استانس................................ 100

5-2-3 زوایای مفصلی مچ پا زانو و ران در مرحله پروپالژن ................................................................................ 101

5-3 بررسی نتایج حاصل از مقایسه تفاوت های درون گروهی....................................................................... 102

5-4 بررسی نتایج حاصل از مقایسه تغییرات متغیرها بین گروه­ها در پس آزمون................................... 103

5-5.  بررسی نتایج حاصل از مقایسه تفاوت­های بین گروهی در پس آزمون ................... 104

5-6. نتیجه­گیری نهایی................................................................................................................................................ 104

5-7. پیشنهادات............................................................................................................................................................   104

پیوست الف: رضایت نامه.................................................................................................................................................... 101

پیوست ب: پرسشنامه ورود به آزمون............................................................................................................................... 102

منابع     103

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