فهرست:
- فصل اول.......................................................................................................................................................................................1
1-1مقدمه.........................................................................................................................................................................................2
1-2بیان مسئله........................................................................................................................................................................4
1-3اهمیت وضرورت تحقیق.................................................................................................................................................7
1-4اهداف تحقیق......................................................................................................................................................................7
1-5فرضیه های تحقیق ..........................................................................................................................................................8
1-6قلمرو تحقیق:.....................................................................................................................................................................8
1-7محدودیت های تحقیق....................................................................................................................................................9
1-8تعریف واژه ها واصطلاحات ...........................................................................................................................................9
1-8-1تعادل پویا.................................................................................................................................................................9
1-8-2تعادل ایستا..............................................................................................................................................................9
1-8-3راستای قامت ...........................................................................................................................................................9
1-8-.4 تمرینات ثبات مرکزی.........................................................................................................................................10
1-8-5یوگا:...........................................................................................................................................................................10
1-8-6. مالتیپل اسکلروزیس.........................................................................................................................................11
فصل دوم...............................................................................................................................................12
2-1مقدمه...............................................................................................................................................................................13
2-2 بخش اول: مروری بر متون نظری............................................................................................................................14
2-2-1 آناتومی سیستم عصبی.......................................................................................................................................... 14
2-2-1-1 جسم سلولی: ................................................................................................................................................15
2-2-1-2دندریتها:...........................................................................................................................................................15
2-2-1-3آکسون..............................................................................................................................................................15
2-2-1-4 ساختمان وعمل فیبرهای عصبی .............................................................................................................15
2-2-1-5 میلینزاسیون سیستم عصبی محیطی............................................................................................................. 16
2-2-1-6 میلیزاسیون سیستم عصبی مرکزی ........................................................................................................16
فهرست مطالب
عنوان صفحه
2-2-1-7 انتقال ایمپالس عصبی در فیبرهای عصبی................................................................................................16
2-2-1-8 سرعت ا نتقال در فیبرهای عصبی............................................................................................................17
2-2-1-9 بیولوژی عصبی نوروگلی ............................................................................................................................17
2-2-1-9-1 آستروسیتها..................................................................................................................................... ...18
2-2-1-9-2 اولیگودندروسیتها...............................................................................................................................18
2-2-1-9-3 میکروگلی: ...........................................................................................................................................19
2-2-1-9-4 اپاندیم...................................................................................................................................................19
2-2-1-10 واکنش نوروگلیا به آسیب..............................................................................................................................19
2-2-1-11 مخچه ..............................................................................................................................................................20
2-2-1-11-2اعمال مخچه..........................................................................................................................................20
2-2-1-11-3 اختلالات عملکرد مخچه......................................................................................................................21
2-2-2آناتومی ناحیه مرکزی بدن..................................................................................................................................21
2-2-3اهمیت انقباض همزمان عضلات.............................................................................................................................25
2-2-4 ثبات مرکزی ............................................................................................................................................................26
2-2-5 کنترل وضعیت بدنی و تعادل ..............................................................................................................................27
2-2-5-1تئوری رفلکس- سلسله مراتبی......................................................................................................................28
2-2-5-2 تئوری سیستمی فعال....................................................................................................................................29
2-2-5-2-1مکانیسم های حسی در کنترل تعادل: ................................................................................................30
2-2-5-2-1-1سیستم بینایی:......................................................................................................................................30
2-2-5-2-1-2 سیستم سوماتوسنسوری (حسی – پیکری):..................................................................................30
فهرست مطالب
عنوان صفحه
2-2-5-2-1-3سیستم دهلیزی: ....................................................................................................................................30
2-2-5-2-2 مکانیسم های حرکتی در کنترل تعادل:..................................................................................................32
2-2-5-2-2-1طرز قرار گرفتن اجزای بدن نسبت به یکدیگر ...........................................................................33
2-2-5-2-2-2تون عضلانی: ......................................................................................................................................33
2-2-5-2-2-3 تون پاسچرال........................................................................................................................................34
2-2-5-2-3سیستم عصبی کنترل کننده تعادل:..........................................................................................................34
2-2-6 انداره گیری تعادل: ................................................................................................................................................34
2-2-7 یوگا............................................................................................................................................................................36
2-2-7-1تعریف و شناسه یوگا........................................................................................................................................36
2-2-7-2چیستییوگا................................................................................................................................................36
2-2-7-3پیشینه یوگا........................................................................................................................................................37
2-2-7-3-1 دوران ودایی..............................................................................................................................................37
2-2-7-3-2دوران پیش از کلاسیک............................................................................................................................37
2-2-7-3-3دوران کلاسیک..........................................................................................................................................37
2-2-7-3-4دوران بعد از کلاسیک.............................................................................................................................38.
2-2-7-5 دوران جدید....................................................................................................................................................38
2-2-7-4 ویژگی و فواید یوگا.........................................................................................................................................38
2-2-7-5 حالات وحرکات در یوگا.................................................................................................................................39
2-2-8 شکل و وضعیت بدنی..............................................................................................................................................39
فهرست مطالب
عنوان صفحه
2-2-9 ساختار وشکل ستون فقرات................................................................................................................................. 39
2-2-10 قوسهای ستون فقرات.........................................................................................................................................40
2-2-11 ناهنجاری های ستون فقرات.............................................................................................................................40
2-2-11-1 گرد پشتی (کیفوز).......................................................................................................................................41
2-2-11-2 گود پشتی (لوردوز).....................................................................................................................................43
2-2-12 تاریخچه بیماری مولتیپل اسکلروزیس.............................................................................................................43
2-2-13 تعریف MS........................................................................................................................................................45
2-2-13-1شرح ..............................................................................................................................................................46
2-2-13-2 آناتومی..........................................................................................................................................................46
2-2-13-3 فیزیولوژی....................................................................................................................................................47
2-2-13-4 اپیدمیولوژی......................................................................................................................................................47
2-2-13-5 تغییر در میزان شیوع / بروز.........................................................................................................................48
2-2-13-6 ملاحظات ژنتیکی.........................................................................................................................................48
2-2-13-7 ایمونولوژی...................................................................................................................................................48
2-2-13-8 عوامل برانگیزاننده........................................................................................................................................48
2-2-13-10 شیوع MS در مناطق مختلف جهان.....................................................................................................48
2-2-13-11شیوع MS در ایران...................................................................................................................................48
2-2-13-12تظاهرابالینی...............................................................................................................................................48
فهرست مطالب
عنوان صفحه
2-2-13-13 سیر بالینی....................................................................................................................................................49
2-2-13-14 تشخیص ........................................................................................................................................................50
2-2-13-15روشهای تشخیص......................................................................................................................................50
2-2-13-16 پیش آگهی...................................................................................................................................................50
2-2-13-17 درمان..............................................................................................................................................................50
2-3 بخش دوم مروری بر متون تجربی:............................................................................................................................50
2-3-1 تحقیقات انجام شده در داخل کشور...............................................................................................................50
2-3-2 تحقیقات انجام شده در خارج از کشور:..........................................................................................................52
2-4جمع بندی.......................................................................................................................................................................57
فصل سوم..............................................................................................................................................58
3-1 مقدمه...............................................................................................................................................................................59
3-2 روش تحقیق..................................................................................................................................................................59
3-3 جامعه آماری ونمونه آماری.......................................................................................................................................59
3-4 متغیر های تحقیق......................................................................................................................................................60
3-5 ابزارهای مورد استفاده در تحقیق.............................................................................................................................60
3-5-1 پرسشنامه..............................................................................................................................................................60
3-5-2 اندازه گیری عینی...............................................................................................................................................61
3-6 پروتکل تمرینی ............................................................................................................................................................61
3-7 روش جمع آوری داده ها ومراحل انجام کار...........................................................................................................61
3-8 تجزیه وتحلیل آماری..................................................................................................................................................62
فصل چهارم..........................................................................................................................................63
فهرست مطالب
عنوان صفحه
4-1 مقدمه ............................................................................................................................................................................64
4-2 اطلاعات توصیفی گروه های آزمایش .....................................................................................................................64
4-2-1 نرمال بودن توزیع نمونه ها ...............................................................................................................................65
4-3 آزمون فرضیه های تحقیق .........................................................................................................................................65
4-4 نتایج تحقیق ..................................................................................................................................................................66
4-4-1 فرضیه اول .............................................................................................................................................................66
4-4-2 فرضیه دوم ...........................................................................................................................................................67
4-4-3 فرضیه سوم ...........................................................................................................................................................67
4-4-4 فرضیه چهارم ........................................................................................................................................................68
4-4-5 فرضیه پنجم...........................................................................................................................................................68
4-4-6 فرضیه ششم..........................................................................................................................................................69
فصل پنجم ...........................................................................................................................................71
5-1 مقدمه...............................................................................................................................................................................72
5-2 خلاصه پژوهش..............................................................................................................................................................72
5-3 یافته های تحقیق.........................................................................................................................................................73
5-4 بحث و بررسی و نتیجه گیری....................................................................................................................................73
5-4-1 تمرینات یوگا و بهبود تعادل زنان مبتلا به مولتیپل اسکلروزیس..............................................................73
5-4-2 تمرینات یوگا و بهبود ناهنجاری قامت زنان مبتلا به مولتیپل اسکلروزیس.............................................74
5-4-3 تمرینات ثبات مرکزی و بهبود تعادل زنان مبتلا به مولتیپل اسکلروزیس ............................................74
5-4-4 تمرینات ثبات مرکزی و بهبود ناهنجاری قامت زنان مبتلا به مولتیپل اسکلروز................................75
5-5 جمع بندی و نتیجه گیری.........................................................................................................................................77
5-6 پیشنهادات کاربردی....................................................................................................................................................78
پیوست ها.................................................................................................................................................................................81
منابع ومآخذ:......................................................................................................................... .................................................97
چکیده انگلیسی
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